A Leader A Machiavellian Leader - 1141 Words

The Philippines does not need a perfect Machiavellian leader in the present. I believe a great leader would be opposite of that of a Machiavellian leader. I also believe that a prominent leader would have good morals and ideal principles. A Machiavellian leader could care less about his/her citizens, since his only two options when governing states are either benevolence or destruction. He/She only cares about his/her state, which is ill-advised, since a leader cannot lead without the people’s approval or acceptance. However, our current leader encompasses numerous traits of that of a Machiavellian leader, which can be easily acceptable. As can be heard from his speeches, the president is self-reliant – which is the primary virtue of Machiavellianism. He manages to gain power by relying on his own prowess and the loyalty of thousands of police in the country through his numerous deeds. According to Machiavelli, this will lead to better decision-making and problem solving skills, which will then lead to great success. The Philippines has undergone a lot of changes ever since we Filipinos elected our current president, Rodrigo Duterte, last May – truly heeding the agenda of Duterte’s administration, which is â€Å"change.† Some changes can be considered as outstanding, while most of them are undeniably terrible or even controversial. One of the situations that stands out is the hundreds of dead alleged drug addicts/pushers/lords murdered on the streets by unknown vigilantes andShow MoreRelated George Bush as a Machiavellian Leader Essay1428 Words   |  6 PagesGeorge Bush as a Machiavellian Leader George Bush and Niccolo Machiavelli are two very influential political figures that share some similar ideals. Machiavellis work was never intended to be applied to republics, or a democratic government. The advice written in The Prince would have likely been applied in the time of absolute government, when countries were ruled by one leader. It is a work which, as Machiavelli himself says that his philosophy is only applied to principalities, or whatRead MoreMachiavelli’s The Prince: Examples of Machiavellian Leaders Essay2048 Words   |  9 PagesArguably, the most Machiavellian leader to ever exist would be Joseph Stalin. He abided by three major Machiavellian methods that were stated in the Prince: the ends justifies the means, crush any opposition, and displaying a false character. Stalin had a plan for Russia and did everything in his power to achieve that plan. He wanted to transform Russia into a industrial superpower, a military superpower, and a political superpow er. To achieve his goals he committed many horrible crimes againstRead MoreNiccolo Machiavellis The Prince and Shakespeares Julius Caesar958 Words   |  4 Pageslessons idealistic and unrealistic for leaders. Machiavelli wrote his book, The Prince, to show the ruling Meddici family that the world is not a fairy tale. Prior to Machiavelli writing The Prince, the majority of books depicted people as virtuous and ethical. However, The Prince is not the only work of literature that manifests Machiavellian techniques. William Shakespeare’s Julius Caesar utilizes similar methods. As shown in Julius Caesar and The Prince, a leader who follows Machiavelli’s advice willRead MoreRichard Of Richard As A Machiavellian Character819 Words   |  4 PagesGloucester is perhaps the epitome of a Machiavellian character. According to the lectures, a Machiavellian leader is one that supports deceit, killing, and genocide in order to defeat enemies. Does this not scream Richard? On man y accounts throughout the play, Richard displays a blatant disregard for morality as a ruler in addition to intense manipulations of the people surrounding him. I think one of the most significant examples of Richard’s Machiavellian tendencies is his response immediatelyRead MoreMachiavelli s The Prince 850 Words   |  4 PagesHistory s most prominent leaders have shown extreme congruence. These leaders almost always hold reality over ethics. How can we classify lying and manipulative leaders as immoral when their duplicity is the very reason a society can maintain stability? This idea has of means justifying the ends has been a staple in History s most prosperous of societies. Machiavelli s novel The Prince was the first stab at understanding this human tendency of what is now known as Machiavellian. Machiavelli graspedRead MoreSocrates And Machiavelli Analysis936 Words   |  4 Pagesas a means to bring them to higher points of understanding and critical examination, wh ich they then were to apply to their own society. He wanted people to live lives as they ought to live them and for the state to be a reflection of that aim. The leader advocated by Machiavelli, The Prince, is far more authoritarian and holds entirely different values in comparison to Socrates. The Prince is an individual who maintains complete hegemony over his subjects through nearly any means. The Prince willRead MoreMachiavellian Prince Analysis1688 Words   |  7 Pagesand wisdom above all else, and would find Machiavelli’s concept of a prince to be a leader void of these qualities. Socrates would be critical of a Machiavellian prince’s character and actions for failing to meet his morally absolute standard of goodness, and of the Machiavellian prince’s notion of wisdom for conflicting with his own. Socrates would not be supportive of the political system formed under a Machiavellian prince, the perpetuation of which inherently clashes with his stringent m oral absolutismRead MoreMachiavellian Leadership : The Prince1285 Words   |  6 PagesMachiavellian Leadership: Are These Principles Morally Correct to Use Today? For centuries, the political principles brought forth through Nicolà ² Machiavelli in his writing, The Prince, have been quite controversial both on the political forefront and the mainstream of leadership training. Though most people do not know that they are fighting battles over the principles brought about in the writing of Machiavelli. The Prince was written in the years following Machiavelli’s time in the politicalRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Julius Caesar Essay1609 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"bad judge of character† (Shanzer 1). Although both critics’ descriptions of Brutus have merit, Brutus’ shortcoming, as well as the success of the opposing leader, Mark Antony, is more accurately explained using the observations of Niccolo Machiavelli in The Prince. In this book Machiavelli outlines the characteristics of a successful leader. When using The Prince as a lens to read Julius Caesar, the correlation between a leader’s Machiavellianism a nd their success becomes very apparent. MarcusRead MoreAnalysis Of The Prince By Niccolo Machiavelli1094 Words   |  5 Pagesrequirements to be a successful leader over a powerful state. He suggests numerous times that a prince should govern an empire with a image that is dominant but caring for citizens while ruling ruthlessly and appealing to the people if possible. Machiavelli’s principles of a dominant and ruthless prince may not be globally accepted but they are efficient and accurate despite the lack in thought of morality and ethics. Machiavelli gives numerous examples of how a leader should carry themselves and

Religion as Societal Conformity in Crime and Punishment Essay

The central theme of Crime and Punishment by Fyodor Dostoyevsky deals with conformity’s role in society. Dostoyevsky uses conformity to make Raskolnikov mentally ill and eventually turn himself in to face the punishment for his crimes. Religion influences every character in the book, but none more ardently than Raskolnikov. Understanding religion’s role as a force for conformity in Crime and Punishment provides a powerful insight into character motives and, furthermore, philosophical influences. The first thing to address while discussing the author’s purpose is to examine the motivation of the main character, Raskolnikov. In Crime and Punishment, Raskolnikov becomes an ubermensch, and part of this is that he does not take into account†¦show more content†¦He uses every means to justify his actions, but something is holding that guilt there. That something is undoubtedly religion. In order to understand Raskolnikov’s guilt, it is important to unde rstand the religious influences at work in the time period and place he lived in. In St. Petersburg where Raskolnikov lives, there are strong Christian influences from the Eastern Orthodox Church. The Church condemns killing people with few exceptions. Although is not a devout believer, these influences are still at work in the book. It is clear that Raskolnikov is struggling to fight God away because, as he says that â€Å"once God’s will gets mixed up in it, nothing will be done† (389). He acknowledges that the guilt he has is God’s doing, and he struggles internally to get rid of it. The idea that he is not able to feel good about the murder that he knows improved society. He states that â€Å"what bothers [him] is this permission according to conscience† (253). Even though he wants to establish his own moral code, it is impossible for him to do so because of the influence of religion. By not following the rules established by Christianity, Raskolnikov is essentially making himself God, which is an internal struggle throughout the novel because Raskolnikov feels guilty about it. Although he commits murder, which is impermissible in a religious and societal context, Raskolnikov actually saw some value in religion. It is forShow MoreRelatedThe Influence of Durkheim on Modern Criminological Investigation1441 Words   |  6 Pages(Hopkins Burke, 2006), Emile Durkheim believed that crime was an important necessity in every society as it played important functional roles in the maintenance of social cohesion, the continuity of social progress and the establishment and reinforcement of societal norms. He stated that criminality was a normal phenomenon, its influence prevalent even on the most saintly of societies. Durkheim’s theories regarding the normality and inevitability of crime, along with his influential concepts of anomieRead MoreDeviance : Deviance And De viant Acts1774 Words   |  8 Pagesbeing transferred to an individual by way of social consensus and finally the societal reaction to the behavior that will either define it as deviant or not (Franzese, 2009). Most easily identified deviance is that of crime, murder, rape and theft to name a few, although these are obvious examples they are only a handful of types of deviance out of a much larger pool of deviant acts some of which that are not considered crimes yet are still highly deviant acts such as cheating on a partner or staringRead MoreRejecting Gender Roles In Sophocless Antigone1262 Words   |  6 PagesRejecting Gender Roles in Antigone Human nature dictates that conformity is a safer choice than expressing individuality. When placed in a situation where one must either remain silent or speak their mind and face severe consequences, there is much less risk in taking the first option. Sophocles, an Athenian tragedian from the fifth century BC, confronted this theme throughout one of his most popular works: Antigone. In the play, the title character must decide if she should honor her brother andRead MoreKohlberg s Theory Of Moral Development1450 Words   |  6 Pages â€Å"Kohlberg developed six stage theory of moral development, and then he group them six into three. Which are higher-order levels of development: Level 1- Pre- Conventional morality which have two stageies 1- obedience and punishment, 2- Individual interest: behavior driven by self-interest and rewards. Level 2- Conventional morality two stageies are 1- interpersonal: behavior driven by social approval, 2- Authority: behavior driven by obeying autho rity: behavior driven by obeying authority and conformingRead MoreThe Banning Of Movies On Lgbt, Religion, Laws, And History1532 Words   |  7 Pagesattitudes and views of various cultures towards LGBT, namely religion, laws, and history. Religion has a big influence on the attitudes of certain cultures towards LGBTQ community. The three main religions, Abrahamic religions, Indic religions and Sinic religions, all have different views towards homosexuality for various reasons. Abrahamic religions such as Judaism, Islam, and Christianity, have negative views of homosexuality. Since their religion is based on the teachings of their holy scriptures, mostRead MoreKhaled Hosseini And Nathaniel Hawthorne s The Scarlet Letter 1792 Words   |  8 Pagesmale dominance was undoubtedly amended; this is where humanity divides uncovering the struggle between the oppression of women and the precedence that has been set forth for centuries. Khaled Hosseini and Nathaniel Hawthorne both comment on this societal disconnect in their domestic narrations of female characters. In Hosseini’s A Thousand Splendid Suns the character Mariam depicts a women who endures rape, abuse, and imprisonment in her own home under the hand of h er husband. Similarly Hester inRead MoreThe Death Penalty Is Justified1864 Words   |  8 Pagescontradicts nearly every religion. From the reasons listed above formulate the ideal of abolishing the death penalty all together. Yet those who side in favor of the death penalty believe that it serves as a beacon of justice in a corrupt world. Statistical backing shows that the amount of money to house, feed, and clothe inmates for life sentences is exponentially high. It is important to also weigh the fact that the death penalty is a very thorough, thought through punishment only requested in theRead MoreThe Victorians Concern With Morality1180 Words   |  5 PagesVictorian morality focused on values that support low crime rate, resilient ethics, and sexual control. (Rosner, Mary 27.) Victorians were understood to hold strong ties to the moral concern. This is owed to the the number of people, such as Charles Dodgeson, that embarked on a quest for resolution to their innermost conflict which called for strong moral and ethical elements. Browning’s very own â€Å"The Bishop Orders His Tomb†¦Ã¢â‚¬  sarcastically criticizes religion through the use of a materialistic priest characterizingRead MoreSocial Bonds: Aboriginal Gang Formation in Canada2861 Words   |  12 Pagesinternalization of conventional societal bonds for Aboriginal youth and the consequent perpetuation of Aboriginal gangs. Social Control Theory: Hirschi’s social control theory has been pervasively used to explain the occurrence of gangs and specifically gang membership. However, rather than focusing solely on why individuals choose to become involved in criminal behaviour including organized crime, Hirschi begins his analysis by asking, â€Å"Why do most persons conform to societal norms?† (Abadinsky 2010,Read MoreDelhi School Of Social Work3112 Words   |  13 Pagesand religious institutions further the development of contexts of meaning, value orientations and symbolic codes. Social institutions are established or standardized patterns of convention-regulated behavior. They include the family, education, religion, and economic and political institutions. Major Perspectives Marx †¢ Social institutions are determined by their society’s mode of production. †¢ Social institutions serve to hold the ability of the dominant class. Weber †¢ Social institutions are

Organizational Leadership and Governance The Personality Factor

Question: Discuss about the Organizational Leadership and Governance for The Personality Factor. Answer: Introduction In the given case scenario, Sally is the senior manager at MTCR, a company responsible for development and manufacturing of a broad range of custom hardware solutions. David has been a part of the company for nine years and is responsible to report to Sally since two years. There have been performance setbacks in his job in the recent times which involved late deliveries and missed assignments. Davids setbacks impacted the entire team performance that put Sally into worries. She spoke to David and came to know that he has been facing family, personal financial and change in role issues. Davids confidence has declined and Sally aims to get his formerly excellent performer back on track. The aim of this paper is to use different theoretical approaches to improve Davids performance. The purpose of this paper is to reflect myself as a leader and put my theoretical knowledge into practice based on the results of the workshop diagnostic tools. Required Actions According to the results of emotional intelligence test, my self-awareness level is strength. I am highly aware of my moods as I have them. However my self-regulation area needs attention and I need to learn to manage my emotions effectively. Motivation is my strength as I possess self-discipline (Lussier Achua, 2010). I feel highly motivated when I achieve my personal goals related to my career. I possess great empathy as my strength because I have the ability to recognize emotions of other people. I use active listening skills and understand other peoples perspectives. My social skills are a development priority as I am uncomfortable with social situations. My communication skills are excellent, but instead of escaping from the social situation, I need to deal with the conflict (Lussier Achua, 2010). In the given situation, I shall be empathetic towards David as he is facing personal and financial issues. I need to become an emotionally intelligent leader for motivating David as he works in the organization. David has been a part of the organization for a very long time and possesses highly competent technical skills. Iwouldrecognise and praise these skills in order to motivate him and he needs to be driven towards team objectives. My aim is to bring Davids performance to standard level (McCleskey, 2014). I shall use motivation as my strength because it is important for organizational effectiveness. I must give David his best chance or opportunities to help improve his performance. He may be given an ultimatum about either improving his performance, but he would be at a risk if he continues to underperform. David must be asked for continuous feedback regarding the troubles he is facing in his position (Fair Work Ombudsman, 2016). I must pay attention and devise an action plan to solve each of his problems considering he is an asset to the organization. I shall encourage an open and honest communication so that David can communicate the issues and action plans can be devised accordingly (Carter et al., 2012). With a score greater than 20 in the leadership potential, I have greater potential to be a leader (Lussier Achua, 2010). Additionally, persistence and hard work shall help me in developing the leadership ability. According to the results of Managerial Leadership Skills, it is analysed that I am doing fine as a leader. However, I have great potential to do much better. I am at a stage of building the foundation of effective leadership; I have a great opportunity in becoming the best I can be. I need to build self-confidence that would help in mastering social situations (Lussier Achua, 2010). I have a positive attitude and outlook towards things that gives me a strong sense of balance when problems arise. I need to develop skills to motivate people and help them deliver organizational vision. The scores of big five personality theory reflect that I have the highest score on extraversion. I am enthusiastic and action-oriented looking forward to opportunities with excitement. I have a high score in agreeableness as I have an optimistic nature. I am willing to compromise and have a considerate nature towards others. For conscientiousness, I have a moderate score as I do not have full control over my impulses. I have the lowest score in neuroticism as I get easily upset. I have a high score in openness to experience as I have a preference for variety and creativity (Lussier Achua, 2010). Since I possess a highly optimistic nature, I shall suggest David to build a cohesive team based on personality, I must try that my team members have similar personality. According to the case study, David is unable to perform his tasks well as his regular tasks and roles have changed affecting his performance. I must use her leadership potential in managing Davids performance (Abatecola, Mandarelli, Poggesi, 2011). I would maintain apositive mood,I wouldnt become angry or frustrated and in this way I would help David to achieve. I have to understand the gap between performances and offer David counselling. Counselling shall help in keeping Davids emotions at hold and help in keeping his work and personal life separate. Also, I shall provide him coaching regarding the newly changed roles and responsibilities. Having a preference for optimism, I shall continue to hold a positive outlook towards things and build Davids self-confidence through motivation and encouragement (Compton McM anus, 2015). According to the scores of behavioural leadership, I have high score on task leadership style and people leadership style. With a highly effective score on negotiating, I have the ability to settle differences (Lussier Achua, 2010). I can use my negotiating skills with David for managing conflict. Negotiating skills can be developed that can be useful in managing conflict. The scores of normative style leadership suggest that my preferred leadership style as delegate leadership style. I have a tendency to make my own decisions. As an autocrat, I tell people about the decision and follow up to ensure that the performance is maintained (Lussier Achua, 2010). As a leader, I must organize groups for different tasks. The tasks that are assigned to David must be assessed if it matches his qualification portfolio. I will adopt the job rotation technique and try to make David an overall performer. Having a preference towards delegate leadership style, I must create detailed plans and schedules tasks and complete it in a timely fashion. The goals must be prioritized. As a leader, it is my duty to constantly review the tasks to ensure that the project is on track. I must communicate the desired results with David so that he gets a target to perform effectively (Rummler Brache, 2012). I shall focus on people-oriented leadership and encourage employee ideas and feedback. People-oriented leadership is important because it helps the staffs feel empowered and meaningful. While maintaining my focus on people, I shall focus on workplace improvement that would help in having a better understanding of the employee satisfaction (Gartzia Baniandrs, 2016). As David is going through financial troubles, and has been an employee of the company for over nine years, he might be provided with financial assistance. This would help in reducing his stress and enhance his performance. I would not choose to sit back and delegate my decisions on David as it is a sign of weak leaders. I would increase Davids job satisfaction rate so that he gets rid of his financial worries. He may be offered incentives for performing better. I shall continue entrusting people with their roles and responsibilities that would help in boosting his morale and confidence (Breevaart et al., 2015). Employee satisfaction can be used as a key performance indicator. It is necessary as satisfied employees prove loyal to the organization and stick even at the worst scenario. A survey can be conducted for David and he would be required to answer a set of questions regarding his satisfaction rate at the organization. Moreover, he can be asked to prepare a personal SWOT analysis so that I can assess his strengths and weaknesses (Thomas, 2012). As an effective coach, I would choose provide on-the-job training for the changes caused in Davids day-to-day work responsibilities. His performance shall be continually monitored. In my opinion, David can also be asked what his primary motivators are. As every employee is different he may be satisfied with the ability to make decisions, recognition or financial pay and benefits (Aguinis, Joo, Gottfredson, 2013). I would build relationship with David that would give him the confidence to talk about his problems, build understanding and loyalty. Regular processes can be reinforced in the organization where David must be encouraged to work hard and yield better results. David must also be praised for the contributions made him. He must feel as a valuable asset of the organization (Selvarajan Cloninger, 2012). Conclusion Conclusively, I need to increase Davids job satisfaction level so that he gets rid of his financial worries. He may be offered incentives for performing better. David can be provided on-job training for assuring effective performance and addressing the gaps. David must be asked for continuous feedback regarding the troubles he is facing in his position. Counselling shall help in keeping Davids emotions at hold and help in keeping his work and personal life separate. An open and honest communication must be encouraged so that David can communicate the issues and action plans can be devised accordingly. David is going through financial troubles, and has been an employee of the company for over nine years, so he might require financial assistance. References Abatecola, G., Mandarelli, G., Poggesi, S. (2011). The personality factor: how top management teams make decisions. A literature review.Journal Of Management Governance,17(4), 1073-1100. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10997-011-9189-y Aguinis, H., Joo, H., Gottfredson, R. (2013). What monetary rewards can and cannot do: How to show employees the money.Business Horizons,56(2), 241-249. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2012.11.007 Breevaart, K., Bakker, A., Demerouti, E., Derks, D. (2015). Who takes the lead? A multi-source diary study on leadership, work engagement, and job performance.Journal Of Organizational Behavior,37(3), 309-325. https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/job.2041 Carter, M., Armenakis, A., Feild, H., Mossholder, K. (2012). Transformational leadership, relationship quality, and employee performance during continuous incremental organizational change.Journal Of Organizational Behavior, n/a-n/a. https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/job.1824 Compton, R. McManus, J. (2015). Employee Assistance Programs in Australia: Evaluating Success.Journal Of Workplace Behavioral Health,30(1-2), 32-45. https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15555240.2015.998971 Fair Work Ombudsman,. (2016).Welcome to the Fair Work Ombudsman website.Fair Work Ombudsman. Retrieved 26 July 2016, from https://www.fairwork.gov.au/how-we-will-help/templates-and-guides/best-practice-guides/managing-underperformance Gartzia, L. Baniandrs, J. (2016). Are people-oriented leaders perceived as less effective in task performance? Surprising results from two experimental studies.Journal Of Business Research,69(2), 508-516. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2015.05.008 Lussier, R. Achua, C. (2010).Leadership: Theory, Application, Skill Development. Mason, Ohio: Thomson/SouthWestern. McCleskey, J. (2014). Emotional intelligence and leadership.Int J Of Org Analysis,22(1), 76-93. https://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijoa-03-2012-0568 Rummler, G. Brache, A. (2012).Improving performance. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers. Selvarajan, T. Cloninger, P. (2012). Can performance appraisals motivate employees to improve performance? A Mexican study.The International Journal Of Human Resource Management,23(15), 3063-3084. https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2011.637069 Thomas, M. (2012).Mastering people management. London: Thorogood.

Why Study Biology Essay Example For Students

Why Study Biology Essay By Gerard ChretienBiologyPhotosynthesis:Energy from the SunIdentifying Photosynthetic Reactants And ProductsA. The water for photosynthesis in land plants comes primarily from the soil and must travel from the roots to leaves. B. Carbon dioxide is taken in, and water and O2 are released, through tiny openings in leaves , called stromata. C.Light is absolutely necessary for the production of oxygen and carbohydrate. We will write a custom essay on Why Study Biology specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The photosynthetic production of oxygen by green plants is an important source of atmospheric oxygen, which most organisms including plants themselves require in order to complete their respiratory chains and obtain the energy for life. The TWO PATHWAYS OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS: AN OVERVIEWThe overall photosynthetic reaction takes place in the chloroplasts of photosynthetic cells, which in most plants are found in the leaves. Photosynthesis consists of many reactions of many reactions that can be divided into two pathways:A. The first pathway, called the light reactions, driven by light energy. It produces ATP and a reduced electron carrier (NADPH + H+). B.The second pathway, called the Calvin-Benson cycle, does not use lightly. It uses ATP, NADPH + H+, and CO2 to produce sugar. In the first pathway of photosynthesis -the light reactionslight energy is captured by pigments molecules and is used to produce ATP from ADP and Pi. The light reactions are mediated by molecular assemblies called photosystems. The NADH++H+ andn Atp produced by the light reactions are used in the second pathway, the CalvinBenson cycle, whose reactions trap CO2, and reduce the resulting acid to sugar. This pathway is also known as the photosynthesis carbon reduction cycle, or simply the dark reactions. The reactions of both pathways proceed within the chloroplast, but they reside in different parts of that organelle. PROPERTIES OF LIGHT AND PIGMENTSLight is a source of both energy and information. Light comes in packects called photonsLight is a form of electromagnetic radiation. It comes in discrete packects called photons. Light also behaves as if it were propagated in waves. The wavelength of light is the distance from the peak of one wave to the peak of the next. The colors relate to the wavelenghts of the light. The speed of light in a vacuum is one of the universal constants of nature. In a vacuum, light travels at 3 x 10 to 10 centimeters per second. The amount of energy, E, contained in a single photon is directly proportional to to its frequency. Thus shorter wavelenghts mean greater energies; that is, energy is inversely proportional to wavelength. The brightness, or intensity, of light at a given point is the amount of energy falling on a defined area. ABSORPTION OF A PHOTON PUTS A PIGMENT IN A EXCITED STATEA. The photon may bounce off the moleculeit may be reflected. B. The photon may pass through the molecule it may be transmitted . C. The photon may be absorbed by the molecule. When a molecule absorbs a photon, it acquires the energy of that photon. It is thereby raised from a ground state to an excited state. The difference in energy between he excited state and the ground state is precisely equal to the energy of the absorbed photon. All molecules absorb electromagnetic radiation. Molecules that absorb wavelenghts in the visible region of the spectrum are called pigments. LIGHT ABSORPTION AND BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY VARY WITH WAVELENGTHA given type of molecule can absorb radiant of only certain wavelengths. A plot of the effectiveness og light as a function of wavelength called an action spectrum. All wavelength of visible are at least somewhat effective in causing photosynthesis, but the blue and orange-red wavelength are the most effective. .u520521a5eed6ef3f1813a0cc25f25221 , .u520521a5eed6ef3f1813a0cc25f25221 .postImageUrl , .u520521a5eed6ef3f1813a0cc25f25221 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u520521a5eed6ef3f1813a0cc25f25221 , .u520521a5eed6ef3f1813a0cc25f25221:hover , .u520521a5eed6ef3f1813a0cc25f25221:visited , .u520521a5eed6ef3f1813a0cc25f25221:active { border:0!important; } .u520521a5eed6ef3f1813a0cc25f25221 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u520521a5eed6ef3f1813a0cc25f25221 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u520521a5eed6ef3f1813a0cc25f25221:active , .u520521a5eed6ef3f1813a0cc25f25221:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u520521a5eed6ef3f1813a0cc25f25221 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u520521a5eed6ef3f1813a0cc25f25221 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u520521a5eed6ef3f1813a0cc25f25221 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u520521a5eed6ef3f1813a0cc25f25221 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u520521a5eed6ef3f1813a0cc25f25221:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u520521a5eed6ef3f1813a0cc25f25221 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u520521a5eed6ef3f1813a0cc25f25221 .u520521a5eed6ef3f1813a0cc25f25221-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u520521a5eed6ef3f1813a0cc25f25221:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Unconscious EssayPhotsynthesis uses chlorophylls and accessory pigmentsCertain pigments are important in biological processesWords/ Pages : 617 / 24

Complete Guide on the Geography Research Paper Writing

Complete Guide on the Geography Research Paper Writing The General Concepts of a Geography Research Paper In general, Geography is quite a fascinating subject which covers plenty of fields and describes everything about the Earth and its composition. Therefore, you will be required to conduct in-depth research. While writing the Geography research paper, you will find some exciting and even sometimes fun information about the planet we are living in. All research papers, including geographic ones, demonstrate a certain issue to describe it or even find the solution. Besides, you have to take into consideration the fact that the research paper should be not too general, and as a result, it is better to select specific issue. It becomes evident that writing the Geography research paper is not an easy task, and consequently, you should apply only valid information from reliable sources. You should be very careful while using the ideas from other researches to avoid plagiarism since as you may know all academic papers should be original and unique. However, you are obliged to support your ar guments with different studies. Apart from that, you have to select the most recent sources and choose a relevant issue to make your Geography research paper useful for yourself and other people. It has to be mentioned that you will be able to utilize your paper for your further studies, and therefore, you have to make your research paper detailed and accurate. Hence, to write a thorough Geography research paper, you should use not only scientific researches but also national statistics and reports. Therefore, it can be claimed that this type of research paper requires a significant amount of literature review and background research data. Most Popular Types of Research Papers The well-known fact is that there are two major types of research papers, namely argumentative and analytical, and each of them has special requirements for content and structure. Therefore, you have to select one of them and strictly follow its requirements to receive a high mark. Besides, it should be mentioned that sometimes the type of essay depends on the topic of a research paper. Consequently, two types of research papers mentioned before are going to be presented below to assist you in choosing the most appropriate one. Argumentative Research Papers. For this type of research paper, you should select relevant debatable or controversial issue to be able to present some arguments. Those arguments have to be supported by evidence from diverse primary sources to persuade the reader. Therefore, it can be claimed that the most significant goals of the argumentative research paper are relevant arguments and persuasion. If you choose this type for your Geography research paper, you may research different relevant issues, such as how people can prevent coastal erosion, flooding, or desertification. As it becomes evident, there are plenty of issues that can be analyzed and researched. Analytical Research Papers. Due to the name of this type of research paper, many students become confused, but there is nothing to worry about if you understand its central features. First of all, unlike the argumentative research paper, it requires a research question that should be answered at the end of the paper. Second of all, just like in case of the argumentative paper, you should select a relevant debatable or controversial issue. However, unlike an argumentative research paper, you should not persuade the reader but explore and evaluate the selected issue. Moreover, to write a good research paper, you have to apply strong arguments and critical thinking. For this type of research paper, you can describe deforestation and propose some solutions on how to combat this problem. However, you should be very careful with such topics since they are too general, and as a consequence, it is better to choose a more specific area which will be discussed. As you may notice, this type of research paper is not so difficult as it may appear at first sight. How to Choose a Topic and Take a Stance? Usually, the instructor provides you with the list of appropriate topics for your research paper, but if you do not have it, create it by yourself. For most students, it seems to be effective to select the topic on their own because they can discuss the issue of their interest. However, some students prefer to choose the topic from the instructor’s list since it is much easier. When you create the topic on your own, you should be very careful since not all topics are appropriate for Geography research paper. You have to remember that the research paper is detailed academic writing which requires in-depth research, and therefore, you should avoid selecting too broad topics. Therefore, the topics presented below can be considered for your Geography research paper: How Does China Contribute to Climate Change? The Role of Geographical Information System; How to Prevent Coastal Erosion? What are the Consequences of Hurricane Katrina? The Effects of Landslide; Geographical Peculiarities of Gujarat. The selected topic should be relevant because modern issues are easier to explore as plenty of studies, statistics, and researches can be found on the Internet. On the contrary, you may propose some new solutions or perspectives on the issues of the last decades to show how it might be prevented or solved. In addition, while you are creating your topic, you may think of some key terms and phrases that will help you to search sources. For example, if you choose â€Å"How Does China Contribute to Climate Change?† for your Geography research paper, the particular words and phrases, such as factories, smog, nuclear power plant, emissions, Fukushima, Nagasaki, and greenhouse gas, may help you to find appropriate sources. Hence, when you have chosen the topic for your research paper, you may proceed to search for reliable sources. The Importance of Appropriate Sources Due to the fact that Geography is not a simple subject, you should start as soon as possible to allocate a sufficient amount of time searching for information. Usually, students try to find the necessary sources on the Internet since not all of them have enough time or ability to go to the library. This part of writing is significant since it will help you to find sources that will support your arguments. In general, there are three types of sources, namely primary, secondary, and tertiary. Primary sources are direct evidence or firsthand testimony which were created with the help of investigation. Those sources were created during the period when the issue happened or by a person who was directly involved in the event. There are particular subtypes of primary sources, such as research data, interviews, novels, and speeches. Hence, if you decide to discuss the consequences of hurricane Katrina, you may apply the interviews of witnesses and victims. Furthermore, secondary sources can be applied as well since they interpret and analyze primary sources. This type of sources contains various textbooks, journal articles, encyclopedias, and maps. The last type of sources is the tertiary one, which is also known as access tools; its central goal is to locate both primary and secondary sources. Different databases, search engines, and online catalogs are examples of tertiary sources that can be utilized in academic writing. Moreover, when you find an up-to-date article or book on your topic, you may scan the bibliography to gather some additional sources. The following tertiary sources suit your Geography research paper: The Geographical Journal (Royal Geographical Society); Applied Geography; European Journal of Geography; GEOBASE (a multidisciplinary database); Web of Science; GeoSearch. Therefore, when you have found all the necessary information, you should proceed to the pre-writing activities to collect the ideas and organize your research paper. The Pre-Writing Activities as a Solid Basis for Your Piece Before you start writing your Geography research paper, you have to generate some ideas to understand what you desire to describe. The pre-writing activities are considered to be the first stage of the writing process. There are many types of those that are likely to help you to collect some ideas. However, only the most popular ones will be described. The first activity is called â€Å"Brainstorming.† It will help you to write all the ideas that come to your mind. When you finished completing the list of ideas, you should group similar ideas. Furthermore, you can apply the next activity which is called â€Å"Freewriting.† The central concept of this pre-writing activity is to write nonstop for some period of time to create the first draft. If you complete the previous activity, it will be easier for you to perform this one. When you finish writing, you have to review the text and highlight the most useful points. Furthermore, you can utilize â€Å"Mind mapping† for your research paper to expand your ideas. For this pre-writing activity, you have to choose at least two major ideas and put them in circles. Then, you should draw some lines to write some arguments to support your main ideas. The last activity is called â€Å"Questioning.† The central aim of it is to ask different questions to yourself, such as â€Å"Who?†, What?† , â€Å"Why?† , â€Å"When?† , â€Å"Where?† , and â€Å"How?† to extend your topic and make it as detailed as possible. Besides, you may outline your research paper to organize your future paper properly. If you complete at least one of the pre-writing activities mentioned before, it will be easier and faster to perform this one. As you can see, this stage of writing is quite important because it helps you to organize your research paper and accumulate some ideas. The Structure of a Geography Research Paper This part of the writing process is of high significance since it helps the reader not to be confused and perceive the information properly. The structure of the Geography research paper is quite similar to any other types of academic writings because most of them consist of Introduction, Main Body paragraphs, and Conclusion. Therefore, if you structure your paper accurately, it will be easier to support your argument, and consequently, the readers will be able to understand your ideas properly. Geographical peculiarities of Gujarat will be taken as an example to show you the approximate structure of your Geography research paper. Introduction Just like the research paper as a whole, its paragraphs have their structure. The introduction should contain background information, some arguments, and the thesis statement that should be supported throughout the main body paragraphs. Generally, you have to present the topic of your research paper. In this section, you are not allowed to use any in-text citations and quotations. Hence, it can be stated that you should present general information about the selected topic. Since â€Å"Geographical Peculiarities of Gujarat† is selected as the topic for the Geographic research paper, the following thesis statement can fit: â€Å"Thanks to Gujarat’s location, it is one of the most developed industrialized states of India.† Main Body This part of the research paper should contain more than two paragraphs since you should provide at least two arguments that will support your thesis statement. Furthermore, to support your arguments, you should apply some in-text citations and quotations. With the help of those two elements, your paper will seem credible. Therefore, to apply both in-text citations and quotations, you should follow the specific referencing style. For example, you may choose either MLA or APA. For MLA referencing style, you have to mention the last name of the author and the number of the page where you found the selected information. Thus, the reference should look like this â€Å"(James 123).† On the other hand, if you are asked to apply APA referencing style, you have to mention the last name of the author and the year when the source was published, and then, separate them with a comma – â€Å"(James, 2018)†. The more detailed information you can find on the website which is c alled â€Å"Purdue OWL.† Apart from the citations, you may apply some digital charts to demonstrate the necessary figures. A well-known fact is that it is better to see figures in the table than written in the sentence. What is more, with the help of different charts, readers will be able to analyze and compare data on their own. However, if you find the suitable chart on the Internet, you must mention the source. Moreover, if you have chosen the topic similar to â€Å"Geographical Peculiarities of Gujarat,† you may insert some maps to show the location of the selected area and demonstrate its geographical peculiarities. Hence, it can be stated that the application of various digital sources may help you to present your topic better. To make your paper smooth, you have to utilize various linking words, such as moreover, apart from that, on the contrary, etc. However, you should remember that the selected linking words should correspond to the context in order not to confuse the readers. As a result, it can be stated that this part of the research paper should have compelling content and a well-organized structure to get you the best grades. Conclusion The conclusion part is the last part of the research paper. However, it is as important as the previous ones. In this section, you should restate the thesis statement and support it with the help of the points mentioned in the main body paragraphs. In other words, it is your last chance to convince the reader. You should remember that just like in the introduction paragraph you are not allowed to apply any in-text citations and quotations here. Moreover, in this section, you cannot present any information that is not mentioned in the main body paragraphs. Thus, the concluding part of the research paper should look like the brief version of the entire research paper. Proofreading When you finished writing your Geography research paper, you should reread it several times. The best way to do it is through reading it again in a few days. In this case, you will be able to look at your paper from the fresh perspective. While proofreading the text, you should pay attention to grammar, punctuation, style, and content. If you want to check whether your paper is coherent and cohesive, ask someone to read it. However, you should remember that the selected person should have strong writing skills and be able to find any mistake and explain it. Furthermore, you may ask the person to tell what can be changed to improve the quality of the paper. What is more, that person may give some interesting ideas that will help you to expand your research paper. As a result, one can state that the outside help may essentially enhance your paper. Moreover, there are some general features of a good research paper, and if your Geography research paper corresponds to most of the points presented below, you will receive a high mark: Relevant (you selected the issue which is of high importance nowadays); Credible (you supported your arguments with various statistics, studies, and other researches); Logical (you structured your paper properly and applied linking words to make it smooth); Informative (you presented some new ideas or solutions to the selected issue). References Australian Geography Teachers Association. â€Å"Contemporary Geographical Issues.† GeogSpace, Education Services Australia Ltd., 2013, www.geogspace.edu.au/verve/_resources/2.2.2.3_1_contem_issues_media_pdf.pdf â€Å"Department of Geography, Environment Society Writing and Research Guide.† University of Minnesota, 2018, cla.umn.edu/sites/cla.umn.edu/files/geographywritingandresearchguide.pdf. â€Å"Genre and the Research Paper.† Purdue Online Writing Lab, 2018, owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/658/02/. â€Å"Prewriting Strategies.† KU Writing Center, 25 July 2017, writing.ku.edu/prewriting-strategies. â€Å"Types of Sources.† Widener University, 2018, www.widener.edu/about/campus_resources/wolfgram_library/documents/1_4_Types of Sources.pdf. â€Å"10 Great Topics for Your Geography Research Paper.† Motive Art, 2018, www.motive-art.org/10-great-topics-for-an-a-research-paper-in-geography.

Areitos Ancient Caribbean Taino Ceremonies

Areitos Ancient Caribbean Taino Ceremonies Areito also spelled areyto (plural areitos) is what the Spanish conquistadors called an important ceremony composed and performed by and for the Taà ­no people of the Caribbean. An areito was a bailar candanto or sung dance, an intoxicating blend of dance, music and poetry, and it played a significant role in Taà ­no social, political, and religious life. According to 15th and early 16th-century Spanish chroniclers, areitos were performed in the main plaza of a village, or in the area in front of the chief’s house. In some cases, the plazas were specifically configured for use as dancing grounds, with their edges defined by earthen embankments or by a series of standing stones. The stones and embankments were often decorated with carved images of zemis, mythological beings or noble ancestors of the Taà ­no. The Role of Spanish Chroniclers Almost all of our information concerning the early Taà ­no ceremonies comes from the reports of Spanish chroniclers, who first witnessed areitos when Columbus landed on the island of Hispaniola. Areito ceremonies confused the Spanish because they were performative art that reminded the Spanish of (oh no!) their own ballad-narrative tradition called romances. For example, the conquistador Gonzalo Fernandez de Ovideo drew a direct comparison between the areitos good and noble way of recording past and ancient events and those of his Spanish homeland, leading him to argue that his Christian readers should not count the areitos as evidence of Native American savagery. The American anthropologist Donald Thompson (1993) has argued that the recognition of artistic similarities between the Taà ­no areito and Spanish romances led to the obliteration of detailed descriptions of song-dance ceremonies found throughout Central and South America. Bernadino de Sahagun used the term to refer to communal singing and dancing among the Aztecs; in fact, most historical narratives in the Aztec language were sung by groups and usually accompanied by dancing. Thompson (1993) counsels us to be very cautious about much that has been written about the areitos, for this exact reason: that the Spanish recognized conflated all kinds of rituals containing song and dance into the term areito. What was an Areito? The conquistadors described areitos as rituals, celebrations, narrative stories, work songs, teaching songs, funeral observances, social dances, fertility rites, and/or drunken parties. Thompson (1993) believes that the Spanish undoubtedly witnessed all of those things, but the word areito may well have simply meant group or activity in Arawakan (the Taino language). It was the Spanish who used it to categorize all kinds of dancing and singing events. The chroniclers used the word to mean chants, songs or poems, sometimes sung dances, sometimes poem-songs. The Cuban ethnomusicologist Fernando Ortiz Fernandez described areitos as the greatest musical artistic expression and poetic of the Antilles Indians, a conjunto (gathering) of music, song, dance and pantomime, applied to religious liturgies, magical rites and the epic narrations of the tribal histories and the great expressions of collective will. Songs of Resistance: The Areito de Anacaona Eventually, despite their admiration for the ceremonies, the Spanish stamped out the areito, replacing it with sacred church liturgies. One reason for this may have been the association of areitos with resistance. The Areito de Anacaona is a 19th-century song-poem written by Cuban composer Antonio Bachiller y Morales and dedicated to Anacaona (Golden Flower), a legendary Taà ­no female chief (cacica) [~1474-1503] who ruled the community of Xaragua (now Port-au-Prince) when Columbus made landfall. Anacaona was married to Caonabo, cacique of the neighboring kingdom of Maguana; her brother Behechio ruled Xaragua first but when he died, Anacaona seized power. She then led native revolts against the Spanish with whom she had previously established trade agreements. She was hung in 1503 at the order of Nicolas de Ovando [1460-1511], the first Spanish governor of the New World. Anacaona and 300 of her serving maidens performed an areito in 1494, to announce when Spanish forces led by Bartolome Colon met with Bechechio. We dont know what her song was about, but according to Fray Bartolome de las Casas, some of the songs in Nicaragua and Honduras were songs of explicit resistance, singing about how wonderful their lives had been before the arrival of the Spanish, and the amazing ability and cruelty of Spanish horses, men, and dogs. Variations According to the Spanish, there was lots of variety in the areitos. The dances varied a great deal: some were step-patterns that move along a specific pathway; some used walking patterns that went no more than a step or two in either direction; some wed recognize today as line dances; and some were led by a guide or dance master of either sex, who would use a call and response pattern of song and steps wed recognize from modern country dancing. The areito leader established the steps, words, rhythm, energy, tone, and pitch of a dance sequence, based on ancient clearly choreographed steps but continually evolving, with new adaptations and additions to accommodate new compositions. Instruments Instruments used at areitos in Central America included flutes and drums, and sleigh bell-like rattles made of wood containing small stones, something like maracas and called by the Spanish cascabels). Hawkbells were a trade item brought by the Spanish to trade with the locals, and according to the reports, the Taino liked them because they were louder and shinier than their versions. There were also drums of various sorts, and flutes and tinklers tied to clothing that added noise and movement. Father Ramà ³n Panà ©, who accompanied Columbus on his second voyage, described an instrument used at an areito called the mayouhauva or maiohauau. This was made of wood and hollow, measuring about a meter (3.5 ft) long and half as wide. Panà © said that the end that was played had the shape of a blacksmiths tongs, and the other end was like a club. No researcher or historian has since been able to even imagine what that looked like. Sources Atkinson L-G. 2006. The Earliest Inhabitants: The Dynamics of the Jamaican Taino. Kingston, Jamaica: University of West Indies Press.Leà ³n T. 2016. Polyrhythmia in the Music of Cuba. Polyrhythmia in the Music of Cuba. Diagonal: An Ibero-American Music Review 1(2).Saunders NJ. 2005. The Peoples of the Caribbean. An Encyclopedia of Archaeology and Traditional Culture. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO.Scolieri PA. 2013. On the Areito: Discovering Dance in the New World. Dancing the New World: Aztecs, Spaniards, and the Choreography of Conquest. University of Texas Press: Austin. p 24-43.Simmons ML. 1960. Pre-Conquest Narrative Songs in Spanish America. The Journal of American Folklore 73(288):103-111.Thompson D. 1983. Music Research in Puerto Rico. College Music Symposium 23(1):81-96.Thompson D. 1993. The Cronistas de Indias Revisited: Historical Reports, Archeological Evidence, and Literary and Artistic Traces of Indigenous Music and Dance in the Greater Antilles at the Time of th e Conquista. Latin American Music Review / Revista de Mà ºsica Latinoamericana 14(2):181-201. Wilson SC. 2007. The Archaeology of the Caribbean. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Delinguent Youth Subcultures Gangs Research Paper

Delinguent Youth Subcultures Gangs - Research Paper Example Historical Overview Unlawful and criminal subcultures have a long history in industrialized populations. Some experts purports that the dawning of adolescent subcultures, including the delinquent varieties, occurred in the sixteenth century when humongous social changes took place. While others believe that the advent of Capitalism and the Industrial Revolution in Western Europe, which left countless people unemployed and impoverished and disturbed families and communities, gave rise to the criminal tendencies of people, especially of the youth. These ‘dangerous sectors’ of society roamed the countryside and victimized travelers in order to survive, and eventually settled in metropolitan areas -- still subsisting on whatever means available, including theft, robbery and extortion (Cressey, 1983). In the United States, however, there is no certainty as to the exact time when youth gangs appeared. The earliest record confirming their existence traces back to 1783, when the American Revolution ended. Allegedly, these delinquent youths surfaced in a time when the urban conditions of the country overwhelmed them. Meanwhile, other investigators deemed that youth gangs originally came forth after the Mexican Revolution in 1813, when massive Mexican migrations to the Southwest happened. The young members of these new settlers, as hypothesized, might have experienced many difficulties in adjusting to the American way of life, notwithstanding their extreme poverty (Klein, 1995). The Baby Boom, following the Second World War, and the heightened affluence of young people during the Post-World War II economic prosperity of the US combined to fashion a great youth market with economic power who started to create its own identity and groups. At the same period, the young were spending more time in school and their mothers who joined the labor force were away from home, hence parenting and child discipline were somehow neglected. These circumstances of social chan ge, including the strong influence of media, brought about the subculture of young delinquents (Schwartz, 1987). Youth gangs in the United States during the early 19th century were primarily composed of Irish, Italian and Jewish ethnic groups, alongside the Hispanics (Sante, 1991). But in the 1950s, Chinese youth gangs proliferated exponentially. Chin (1996) traced its development to ancient secret society and Triad traditions back to China. As political castaways who were disfavored and alienated in the Asian nation, these US immigrants formed clandestine assemblies and activities such as gambling, prostitution and drug-trafficking. Rivalry among this disintegrated secret society led to violence, while inherent competition and discrimination against its American-born and other ethnic counterparts more often than not resulted in riots, if not heinous crimes (Chin, 1996). Theoretical Underpinnings Although there is no absolute and universally-accepted definition of youth gangs, it is the general consensus of scholars that they are groups whose members meet regularly and whose membership is group-selected based on certain group-defined criteria (Short & Hughes, 2006). Furthermore, they are mostly consisting of a sectoral group who share common identity, values and tradition. Youth who belong to gangs range from ages 12 to 24 (Franzese,