Advantages and disadvantages of the FairTax Act Term Paper - 2

Advantages and disadvantages of the FairTax Act - Term Paper Example In this regard, this essay will discuss the advantages and disadvantages of Fair Tax Act proposed in the U.S. To start with, the Fair Tax Act would result into several advantages to the citizens by using fair tax system. Firstly, the fair tax system is simple when compared to the existing system of taxation. One of the major aims of tax reforms is to simplify the taxation codes in order to save tax payers energy in terms of time and resources required to comply with tax returns (Garner, 2005). The existing federal taxation system is complex because of the many types of returns expected to be complied with making tax payers and even the government to incur extra expenses to acquire resources, such as documentations, that can help in compliance. In addition, different organizations have to higher financial experts to guide them in compliance to the federal tax code. Therefore, using a fair tax system would result into minimal usage of resources to comply with the taxation system hence saving the tax payers the additional costs associated with the existing tax code (Garner, 2005). Implementation of the Fair Tax Act would result into increased development in economic terms. According to Jokisch and Kotlikoff, implementation of the fair tax system would removes payroll taxes that reduce significant portions of generated income (2007). This makes sense because the fair tax plan taxes expenditure as opposed to the income thereby motivating people to work harder in order to generate more income for their personal development. In addition, the fact that the fair tax plan taxes consumption and not income encourages citizens to reduce their expenditure and increase on their savings something that indirectly stimulates economic growth. Lastly, the implementation of Fair Tax Act would result into ‘fairness’ in taxation of people or

Teacher-Student Interaction In Classrooms

Teacher-Student Interaction In Classrooms The education system in Pakistan depicts an undesirable situation, especially the classroom environment. Teaching learning process in the country at secondary and tertiary level is too weak and our classroom environment is totally based on rote memorization. There is no provision for the development of intellectual and thinking skills among students who are given very less time for active participation and interaction. The teacher seems to be in a very dominant role in the class. Unfortunately, poorly structured classroom quickly deteriorate into a vacuous waste of time. Recent research on teaching effectiveness based on large-scale meta-analysis conducted by Walberg (1986) indicates that the seven factors are key elements of effective teaching: engaged academic learning time, use of positive reinforcement, cooperative learning activities, positive class atmosphere, higher-order questioning, cues and feedback and use of advance organizers. The system of interaction developed by Flander shows how these elements fit together in actual classroom interaction. Role of the teacher in making classroom climate conducive for learning is highly crucial. The classroom climate is built up by the pattern of interaction between teacher and students verbal exchanges, asking questions, responding and reacting. The most important factor in a classroom situation are the interactions and exchanges initiated by the teacher and students. Jackson (1968) reports that teachers are typically involved in more than 1,000 verbal exchanges with their students every day. There is a lot of talking; enough to give even the strongest vocal cords a severe case of laryngitis. Count the number of verbal exchanges teachers have with their students and the count during a classroom scene will give an idea of how much teachers talk. The present study will be designed to investigate the patterns of classroom interaction at Elementary level in the light of Flanders interaction analysis system in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province of Pakistan. The study will be further delimited to cities of Kohat and Peshawar. Statement of the Problem The problem taken up for investigation can be stated in precise term as à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"A Study of Teacher Student Interaction in Classrooms at Elementary Level in Khyber Pakhtunkhwaà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ . Objectives The objectives of the study will be To explore the patterns of classroom interaction at elementary level in the light of Flanders interaction analysis. Hypothesis About two-third of classroom time is devoted to talking at s elementary level. About two-third of the talking time, the person talking is the teacher at elementary level. About two-third of the teachers talk is direct (that is, lecturing, directing and controlling) at elementary level. Review of Related Literature Interaction between teacher and students is essential in the teaching learning process. Teacher and student both are the key elements of this process. Different educationist like Good lad, (1984) Bellack (1965) and Jackson (1968) conducted researches studies. Among these researchers, Flander (1963) conducted research on classroom interaction and developed an instrument called Flanders interaction analysis with which he was able to categorize student and teacher verbal behavior. The system tells a great deal about the nature and quality of classroom verbal interaction. As a result of applying his interaction analysis system in Classroom settings involving teachers, Flanders came up with the rule of two third. lie found that someone is talking during two third of the Classroom time. Approximately two-third of that time, the person doing the talking is the teacher. Two-third of the teachers talk is what Flanders calls direct talk. Flander suggests that this two third pattern has unfortunate consequences in that students are forced into a passive role that eventually results in negatives attitudes, lower achievement, and a general dependency on the teacher. To use the Flanders Interaction Analysis, one codes the verbal interaction in 1 in 10 categories, plots the coded data onto a matrix, and analyses the matrix. Categories for Interaction Analysis: Indirect Teachers Talk Accepts feelings. Acknowledges student-expressed emotions (feelings) in a non threatening manner. Praises or encourages and provides positive reinforcement of student contribution. Accepts or uses ideas of students and clarifies, develops, or refers to student contribution of ten non evaluative. Asks questions, solicits information or opinion (not rhetorically) Lectures, presents information, opinion of orientation; perhaps includes Gives directions supplies direction or suggestion with which a student is expected to comply. Criticizes or justifies authority and offers negative evaluation of student contributions or places emphasis on teachers authoritative position. Student talk-response, gives a response to the teachers question, usually a predictable answer. Student talk-initiation initiates a response that is unpredictable or creative in content. Silence or confusion leaves periods of silence or inaudible verbalization Pedagogical Game Bellack (1965) has analyzed verbal exchanges between teacher and student and likened them to a pedagogical game. The game is so cyclical and occurs so frequently that many teachers and students do not even know that they are playing. There are four moves: The teacher provides information, directions and introduces the topics. The teacher asks a question. The students answers the question, or tries to The teacher reacts to the students answer and provides feedback. These four steps make up a pedagogical cycle. Teachers initiate about 85 percent of the cycles, which are used over and over again in classroom interaction. Although these cycles can be found in a majority of classrooms, the quality and effectiveness of these four steps vary widely. When teachers learn to enhance and rune each of the moves of the pedagogical cycle, student achievement is increased. Doland (1985) asks Have you ever been to a class where the teacher is bombarded with the question? `I dont get what you mean. When such complaints are constant in a class, it is a sure sign that the teacher is not making effective use of an essential teaching skill: clarity and academics structure. A growing body of research makes it clear that these skills are related to student achievement. Students, therefore, need a clear understanding of what they are expected to learn and they need to be motivated to learn it. Effective structuring sets the stage for learning and typically occurs at the beginning of the lesson. Although the length of structure will vary depending on the age, ability and background of the students and difficulty of the subject matter, the following components are usually build in an effective academic structure. a. Objectives. Let the students know the objectives of each lesson. They, like the teacher, need a road map of where they are going and why. Review. Help students review prior learning before presenting new information. If there is confusion, correct each. Motivation. Create an anticipatory set that motivates students to listen to the presentation. This can be done through an intriguing question, an anecdote, a joke or interesting teaching materials. Transition. Relate new information to previously attained knowledge and experience. Provide ties and connections that will help students integrate old and new information. Clarification Break down a large body of information. Do not inundate students with too many facts. Ibis is particularly true for young children and slower learners, although it also applies to older and faster learners. Examples. Give several examples and illustration to explain main points and ideas. Directions. Give directions distinctly and slowly. If students are confused about what they are supposed to do, repeat or break information into small segments. Enthusiasm. Demonstrate personal enthusiasm for the academic content. Make it clear why the information is interesting and important. Closure. Close the lesson with brief review or summary. The majority in academic structuring takes place at the beginning of the lesson, but there may be several points throughout the lesson where sub-structuring or brief presentation of information are also necessary. Substructures initiate new pedagogical cycles and allow the discussion to continue. A clear summary or review is also important at the close of the lesson. Good questioning is at the very core of good teaching. As John Dewey (1933) said. To question well is to teach well. In the skilful use of the questions more than anything else lies the fine art of teaching. Since questioning is a key element iii guiding learning, all students should have equal access to classroom questions and academic interaction. If you want all students, and not just the quickest and most assertive, to answer questions, establish a protocol for participation and interaction. For example, make a rule that students must raise their hands and be called on before they may talk. (Donald, 1985). Although it is important to keep classroom discussion moving at a brisk pace, sometimes teachers push forward too rapidly. Slowing down at two key places during classroom discussion can usually improve the effectiveness and quality of classroom responses. In the research on classroom interaction, this slowing down is called wait time. Mary (1986) research shows that after asking a question, teachers typically wait only one second or less for a student response (wait time 1). If the response is not forthcoming in that time, teachers rephrase the question, asks another student to answer it, or answer it themselves. If teachers can learn to increase their wait time from one second to 3-5 seconds, significant improvements in the quantity and quality of student response usually will take place. There is another point in classroom discussion when wait time can be increased. After students complete an answer, teachers often begin their reaction or their next question before a second has passed (wait time 2). Once again, it is important for teachers to increase their wait time from one second to 3-5 seconds. Based on her research, Mary (1986) has determined that increasing the pause after student gives an answer is equally as important as increasing wait time. Resultantly, classroom interaction is changed in several posit ive ways. Recently, attention has been directed not only at how teachers ask questions, but also at how they respond to student answers. A study analyzing classroom interaction in more than 100 classrooms in five states found that teachers generally use four types of reactions. Praise. Positive comments about student work, such as Excellent, good job. Acceptance. Comments such as Uh-huh and Okay which acknowledge that student answers are acceptable. Remediation. Comments that encourage a more accurate student response or encourage student to think more clearly, creatively, logically. Sample remediation comments include Try again, Sharpen your answer, Check your addition, Criticism. A clear statement that an answer is inaccurate or a behavior paper) as well as comments that simply indicate an answer is not correct (Your answer to the third question is wrong) Good lad (1984) said that a snapshot of classrooms taken at random would in all likelihood show teachers talking and questioning and students listening and responding. Further, observations in 1000 classrooms showed that teachers interact less and less with students as they go through the grades. The elementary classroom is more interactive than the high school one; the high school classroom is more interactive than college. Most students play a more passive role in classroom interaction at the end of the schooling process than at its beginning. Ironically, interviews with students show that they are happiest when they are actively involved in their learning. Communications and Interaction Education with its correlated activities of teaching and learning involves communication as well as reciprocal interaction between the teacher and pupils, as channels of realizing its objectives. Communication is a Latin word, meaning common. Hence communication implies having common experiences with other people. The word communication means a wide variety of things to different people. The following are some of the widely accepted definitions for communication. Communication means sharing of ideas and feelings in a mood of mutuality. Communication involves interaction which encourages give and take. This provides feedback to persons involved in exchanging ideas. Communication is a process of sharing of experiences till it becomes a common possession. Effective communication is a two-way process including feedback and interaction. It is rather difficult, if not increasingly impossible, to provide children with actual first-hand experiences as the world becomes increasingly complex. Obviously, some substitute experience must be evolved and used to enable children to understand and conceptualize their world. This is the essence of communication as an integral part of teaching. Teachers Behavior and Classroom Interaction Teaching behavior is an act of the teacher which occurs in the context of classroom interaction. Teachers behave in different ways and therefore there are different types of classroom interactions. Some teachers are very strict and some are very kind and lenient. Some are witty and humorous and some are dull. There are some who are very stern and serious all the time. Certainly, the teachers behavior pattern sets the pattern of pupil behavior in a classroom. The teachers behavior tends to create an atmosphere which is described as classroom climate. We may classify the teachers classroom behavior into two categories (1) Demonstrative and (2) integrative. When a teacher talks, commands, restricts pupils freedom to talk, he is dominative. When he allows pupils to talk, ask questions, accepts their ideas and stimulates their participation in class activities, he is integrative. It is, therefore, the teachers behavior which sets the pattern for learning atmosphere or climate in the classroom. If he is generally dominant, he promotes such a climate in the class. If he is generally integrative, he aids in integrative climate. Techniques of interaction analysis have been helpful in the analysis of teaching behavior. Although only a small proportion of verbal communication is recorded, it is possible to infer about classroom events. It is possible to estimate the initiation and response on the part of the teacher and pupils and a number of other interesting features of teacher- pupils relationship. (Amidon Hunter, 1967). Interaction Analysis Interaction analysis is a process of encoding and decoding the study pattern of teaching and learning. In the coding process, categories of classifying statements are established, a code symbol is assigned to each category and a trained observer records by jotting down code symbols. In the decoding step, a trained analyst interprets the display of coded data even though he may not have been present when the data were collected. Although there are many systems for coding spontaneous verbal communication in classroom, typical system for interaction analysis will usually include: a. A set of categories, each defined clearly. A procedure for observation and a set of ground rules which govern the coding process, Steps for tabulating data in order to arrange a display, and suggestion which can be followed in some of the more common application. Classroom interaction analysis can be used for in service and pre-service education in order to help teachers improve classroom instniction. This requires some kind of objective feedback to the person who is trying to change his behavior. Classroom Interaction Technique Study of classroom had always deserved the attention of research workers and, as a result, it was in the late 1930s that the analysis of teaching behavior was used by Anderson. He was interested in developing a reliable technique for the measurement of domination and of socially integrative behavior in teachers contact with children. Although classroom observation has been there in training programmes for a long time now, objective and reliable scales of observation is of recent origin. Traditional observation relied on subjective estimates and could not be quantified. The observational techniques have mechanical devices against subjective examination by the observer. Some of the popular observation schedules were developed over the past few years (Amidon and Hough, 1970). RESEARCH METHODOLOGY RESEARCH DESIGN The study will focus on patterns of classroom interaction at Elementary level in the light of Flanders Interaction Analysis. This study will be an observational type of the descriptive method. The following procedure will be adopted for studying patterns of classroom interaction. POPULATION As the purpose of the study will be to explore the patterns of classroom interaction at Elementary level in the light of Flanders Interaction analysis, so the target population comprised all the Elementary level classrooms in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. SAMPLE The sample of the study will be consisted of twenty-five classrooms at Elementary level. The number of observed teachers will be twenty five at Elementary level. The number of observed students will be fifteen hundred. All the twenty five classes of the above level will be selected randomly. RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS The research instrument will be Flanders Interaction Analysis for observing and measuring classroom interaction patterns. This instrument was developed by Flander (1970)and has been used extensively in various studies regarding classroom interaction. The items in the Flanders interaction analysis will be converted in an observation sheet called coding chart as illustrated by Gay (2000). The Flanders Interaction Analysis system and specimen of observational sheet is given below. FLANDERS INTERACTION ANALYSIS SYSTEM TEACHER TALK DIRECT INDI RECT Accepts Feelings: Accepts and clarifies the tone of feeling of the students in an unthreatening manner. Feelings may be positive or negative. Predicting or recalling feelings are included. Praises or Encourages: Praises or encourages students action or behavior. Jokes that release tension, not at the expenses of another individual; nodding head and saying um hm? or go on are included. Accepts or uses ideas of students: Clarifies, builds, or develops ideas suggested by a student. As teacher brings more of his or her own ideas into play, shift to # 5. Asks Questions: Asks questions about content or procedure with the intent that the student answers. Lecturing: Gives facts or opinions about content or procedure, expresses his or her ideas, asking rhetorical questions. Giving Directions: gives directions, commands, or orders that students are expected to comply with. Criticizing or Justifying Authority: gives statements that are intended to change student behavior from unacceptable to acceptable pattern; bawling someone out; stating why the teacher is doing in the context of what he or she is doing with extreme self-reference. Student talk-response: Talk by students in response to teacher. Teacher initiates the contact or solicits students statement Studentà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s talk-initiation: Talk initiated by students. If calling on student is only to indicate who may talk next, observer must decide whether student wanted to talk. Silence or confusion: Pauses, short periods of silence, and periods of confusion in which communication cannot be understood by the observer. Subject: The above observational sheet represents 90 seconds for 10 categories of FIA. Each block in observational sheet represents 3 seconds. PROCEDURE The design of the study will be observational, In order to secure data, Flanders Interaction Analysis procedure will be employed to observe classroom interaction patterns in Elementary level classrooms. The following observation procedure will be adopted: 1. In the each class of 45 minutes duration, 13.50 minutes (810 secs) will be used for observation. 13.50 minutes (810 secs) will be divided in to nine observation session. Each observation session will be for the duration of 1 .30 minutes (90 secs). One observation sheet will be used for each observation session of 90 seconds. Each observation session will constitute 30 observation periods. Each observation period will be of 3 seconds duration. The teachers behaviour in each observation period of 3 seconds will be observed, classified and recorded in the relevant block of the observation sheet till the termination of observation session of 90 seconds. Stopwatch will be used to note initiation and expiry of each observation period of 3 seconds. 9. Total time for observation in a single classroom will be 13.50 minutes DATA COLLECTION The observational session will be an interesting stage for the researcher. He will visit different classrooms, with different subject matter and with different teachers. Twenty five classes (as mentioned in sample) will be observed in a period of 3 months. DATA ANALYSIS Data collected through the above mentioned research instrument will be coded in the observation sheets. Each table will be analysed and interpreted by using percentages. In order to calculate, all the categories from category 1 to 10 will be added and the mean and standard deviation of 10 categories for 25 Elementary classes will be calculated. LITERATURE CITED Amidon E. and N. Flanders. 1967. Interaction Analysis as a Feedback System. Theory: Research, and Application. Addison-Wesley Reading, MA, USA Pp.121-140. Amidon, E. and J. Hough. 1970 Interaction Analysis: Theory, Research, and Application. Addison-wesley Reading, MA. USA Ppl 14-1 18. Amidon, E. and E. Hunter. 1967. Verbal Interaction in the Classroom: The verbal interaction category system. Addison-wesley. Reading, MA: USA P 52. Anderson, L. W. and R. B. Burns. 1989. Research in Classrooms: The study of teachers, Teaching and Instruction. Pergamon Press New York. P.101. Bellack, A. 1965. The language of the Classroom. Teacher college press, New York. Bruner, J. 1966 Towards a theory of Instruction. Cambridge, Mass, Belknap Press, Harvard University. Pp 87-99. Dewey, J. 1933. How we think. D.C.I:leath, Boston.P.266 Donald, E. 1985. Applying Research on Teacher Clarity: Journal of Teacher Education, New York.P.44-48 Flander, N. 1963. Intent, Action and Feed back, A preparation for teaching. Journal of Teacher of Education. New York. Pp25 1-260. Flander, N. 1967 Teacher Influence in the Classroom. Interaction analysis: theory, research, and application Addison-Wesley. Reading, MA:USA. Pp 103-116. Flander, N. 1970 Analyzing Teacher Behavior. Addison-Wesley. Reading, Mass: P.171 Flander, N, and G. Morine. 1973 The Assessment of Proper Control and Suitable learning environment. In N. L. Gage (Ed). Mandated evaluation of educators. Stanford California Center for Research and Development in Teaching. Pp 73-78 Gage, N. L. 1978. The Scientific Basis for the Art of Teaching. Teachers College Press. New York: P-287 Gay,L R. 2000. Competencies for Analysis and Application (5h ed). Educational Research. Florida International University. Pp.448-457. Goodlad, J. 1984. A Place Called Classroom. McGraw Hill Publishing Company, New York. P.387-91. Jackson, W. P. 1968. Life In Classroom. Hold, Rinehart, New YOrk.P.69. Medley and Mitzel. 1963. Observational schedule. Interaction Analysis, University Press, New Delhi P.86. Mark N. 1994. Problem Based Learning, McGraw Hill, New York. p 110.

Essays --

â€Å"Stigma is a â€Å"collection of negative attitudes, beliefs, thoughts, and behaviors that influence the individual, or general public, fear, reject, or avoid, be prejudiced, and discriminate people† (Varcarolis, 2013, p. 18). Mentally ill patients are encountered in all settings. Many of these setting are non-psychiatric in nature and are staffed by nurses that do not have extensive training or comfort in dealing with seriously mentally ill patients. Individual stigmas and attitudes that nurses have regarding mental illness can have a direct effect on the level of care given to these patients. These stigmatizing attitudes toward the mentally ill can have very harmful effects on the individual themselves and their families. The negative attitudes result in social isolation, reduced opportunities, and the lack of self worth (Varcarolis, 2013, p. 18). Nursing graduates need to understand that psychiatric patients appear everywhere, not just in psychiatric settings. Knowi ng how to properly and appropriately care for them is vital to giving the best care each patient deserves. The challenges of social stigmas about mental illnesses affect graduate nurses in developing a therapeutic relationship, and need to adjust and implement appropriate nursing interventions. Many graduate nurses will seek jobs in traditional medical settings. Theses settings can include the emergency department, long-term care, outpatient clinics, medical-surgical inpatient floors and intensive care units. Graduate nurses must remember that they will at some point encounter a patient that is also diagnosed with a mental illness in any of these settings. It is imperative that the nurse feel competent in his or her ability to asses and treat these patients. The gradua... ...being able to deliver care. If the mentally ill patient starts to show signs of agitation or being overwhelmed, the graduate nurse may need to stop and wait to finish. The graduate nurse’s ability to rely on observations and recognize behaviors that will interfere with providing care will ensure that the nurse-patient relationship that has been established remains therapeutic and facilitates positive patient outcomes. â€Å"Approach me with an open heart and slow your energy down. Take your time.† from Jill Taylor’s book My Stroke of Insight is the best summation on how a nurse should approach providing care to a patient with a mental illness as quoted in the article Psychiatric Comorbidities in Med/Surg (Carol Boylan, 2013) . Conclusion†¦..†You don’t have to be a psych nurse to encounter patients experiencing psychiatric emergencies†. (Marlene Nadler-Moodie, 2010)

Artwork Essay

The â€Å"Self-Portrait with a bandaged ear† by Vincent Van Gogh and â€Å"The Two Fridas† by Mexican painter Kahlo Frida are depicting the artists’ deep hurt and emotional breakdown at losing their special person in life. However, the portrait â€Å"The Two Fridas† is representing the artist’s conflicting psychological mind more into details and straightforward than Vincent Van Gogh’s self-portrait â€Å"The Bandaged Ear. † In â€Å"The Two Fridas,† she uses various actions and clear setting to help viewers the theme of painting easily. The background is filled with the agitated clouds on the stormy dark sky and it obviously reflects her inner pain. Frida who sits on the left side portrays rejected Frida by her husband Diego Rivera. On the right, it represents loved and respected Frida by him. The two Fridas hold hands each other as if loved Frida tries to join unloved Frida’s suffering. It also implies her only companion is herself since she was six years old. She was isolated from other people due to her health problems. In â€Å"The bandaged ear,† Van Gogh pierces the viewer’s feeling using the facial expression rather than actions. His pale and thin face like Jesus Christ in a late medieval painting and every brushstroke that he made on the canvas tells his pitiful presence at the time. In fact, it is not easy to catching the purpose of the Japanese painting on the wall behind Van Gogh. For late 18th century, European artists considered the traditional Japanese art as a utopian aestheticism. So, he uses the Japanese painting for representing his lost paradise. Frida utilizes many symbolic and striking objects to illustrate her turmoil. The two hearts express her pain. The abandoned Frida’s heart is dying while the other Frida’s heart is whole. The unloved Frida is holding the surgical pincer to cut off a vein that travels through both Fridas’ hearts. Frida tries to stop the flow of blood from loved Frida on the right. Therefore, the blood is dripping on her white dress and it is the sign of danger of bleeding to death. In addition, her white dress is ripped open and it refers her broken relationship between Diego. Van Gogh simply uses fewer objects than Frida’s portrait. In combination of wearing a bandage across his ear to under his chin and his sallow skin imply his health condition is unwell. He may be shivering inside because he wears a coat and hat. Frida Kahlo has been associated with the surrealist movement which is the most influential movement in early 1900’s. This movement is influenced by Sigman Freud and Karl Max and they are well known psychologists. The surrealists believe the conscious mind repress the power of imagination so they are willing to depict their unlimited imagination. They expose the uncensored feeling as if in a dream. Also, they use many different kinds of symbols and colors to make art more details and straightforward. Unlike surrealist Frida, the impressionist artist Van Gogh conveys the subject of his art by demonstrating the techniques of loose brushstrokes that barely forms the figure and it makes his piece sort of like a sketch or â€Å"unfinished painting. He uses not many different colors but instead he focuses on putting shadows or highlights in color. Both of great self portraits portray the artists’ mental and physical collapse in their own stylistic and unique techniques. However, Kahlo Frida’s painting is easier to analyze the subject of artwork than Van Gogh’s painting. Because, she chooses varieties of symbols and colors to express her strange and violent imaginations and it definitely helps viewers easy to define her painful heart through her painting.

Oriflame Direct Marketing Strategy Essay

Oriflame is a cosmetics company, founded in Sweden in the year of 1967 by two brothers Jonas af Jochnick and Robert af Jochnick. The company’s main products are personal care, accessories and nutritional products with over approximately 1000 cosmetics products. The products are priced in higher range and promise higher value to customers through a more customized and personalized approach for product and service offerings, distribution processes tailored to meet the needs of customers, and the opportunity to build customer loyalty. The logo of the company ‘Oriflame Sweden’ gives a feel of expensive Swedish cosmetics. ORIFLAME’S MARKETING STRATEGY The marketing strategy adopted by Oriflame is Direct Marketing or Network Marketing. It is one of the largest companies to sell through direct marketing through an independent sales force of over 3.6 million sales consultants in more than 60 countries worldwide with annual sales exceeding some â‚ ¬1.5 billion. Network Marketing or Multi-Level Marketing (MLM) is a strategy which allows the parent multi-level company to market and distribute their products or/and service, directly to the consumer by direct selling in a non-permanent retail location and grow the network through relationship referrals. These sales are done through independent, unsalaried Sales Consultants (full time or part time) who represent the company and make commission based on the volume of sales. The sales consultants often build their own organisation by recruiting a down-line of other independent distributors, who perform the same job; and as a result the entire organisation expands. As a consultant they earn commission not only based on their own sales, but also on the entire sales of the down-line group. This strategy has a very low distribution cost and also offers a leading business opportunity to people. This unique business concept – ‘Make Money Today and Fulfil Your Dreams Tomorrow’ goes with the brand promise of the company ‘Your Dreams, Our Inspiration’ Oriflame implements this strategy with frequent regular catalogues along with frequent, short-term price promotions and cross-sell campaigns. The details of the strategy are as follows 1) Independent sales consultants team who directly get in touch with end consumers with hard copy of catalogue 2) Marketing through owners of beauty parlours to increase customer reach 3) Face-to-face interaction with live demos about usage and benefits of the products 4) Samples at low prices or free samples with some purchase to try the product first and then purchase as buying expensive cosmetic products is a high involvement decision. 5) Direct mails to consumers which includes catalogues, offers 6) Online catalogue and offer details on company website. A typical online catalogue is as below 7) Promoting existing consultants to add more consultants and grow the sales network. This also helps Oriflame in increasing loyal customer base as consultants buy Oriflame products for their personal use and for their family. The process of becoming an Oriflame Consultant is an easy process. It includes following steps 8) Oriflame also promotes its consultants to increase the sales by giving different incentives like international travel, gifts and other promotional tactics. For example, this year’s major attraction is Gold Conference in London in 2015 9) Offline and online makeup tutorials and guidance about health and health & beauty care

20 Strategies for Writing in Plain Language

20 Strategies for Writing in Plain Language 20 Strategies for Writing in Plain Language 20 Strategies for Writing in Plain Language By Mark Nichol The increasing popularity of plain language, the concept of writing clear, simple prose, is making it easier for people to understand legal documents and government forms. It’s also recommended for any print or online publications intended to provide information or explain a process and writers should consider its utility for any content context. Here are the main ideas behind plain language. 1. Identify and understand your readers and their needs: Who are they, and what is their likely reading level? What do they already know about the subject, and what do you want them to know? What do you need to write to convey this information? 2. In an introduction or in navigational content, state the purpose of the content, and tell your readers why the information is important to them. Consider, too, what you want readers to do after reading the content, and how to use your writing to get them to do it. 3. Organize content so that information and procedures are presented in the order in which the material will make sense to the reader. 4. Clearly state requirements and responsibilities those of the reader, the information provider, and third parties. 5. Provide clarity by using examples and/or anecdotes, using lists, tables, and images, emphasizing key terms and steps, and employing a clean, uncluttered, well-ordered design. 6. Write short sentences; keep the subject, verb, and object close. Place words carefully, and avoid double negatives. 7. Write short paragraphs consisting of one topic, each starting with a topic sentence and linked to other paragraphs with transitional words and phrases such as next or â€Å"once you have submitted your application.† 8. Write to the reader, using second-person pronouns rather than third-person nouns: â€Å"You must provide written proof†; â€Å"We will respond within seven business days.† This approach encourages you to write in the active voice. Define the pronouns so that readers are clear about the categories of people or other entities audience, information providers, and third parties referred to as you, we, and they. 9. Avoid noun strings: What, for example, is a corporate-partner-strategic-marketing plan? It’s likely a strategic marketing plan for engaging with corporate partners. That revision requires more words, but it’s clearer. (But it’s still not plain language. How about â€Å"a marketing plan that helps corporations we do business with understand our goals†?) 10. To indicate a requirement, use must, not shall: â€Å"You must include a sample.† 11. Avoid smothered verbs: â€Å"We will decide soon,† rather than â€Å"We will make a decision soon.† 12. Allow contractions; they’re conversational. 13. Avoid elegant variation, which invigorates creative writing but can confuse readers when they’re trying to understand instructions or regulations; use the same standard terms each time you refer to them. 14. Don’t shy away from technical terms your audience knows, but avoid jargon such as leverage and legal terminology such as herewith. 15. If possible, use a question-and-answer format for presenting information. Use conversational wording for questions, based on what readers would be expected to ask, and provide clear, concise responses. When possible, ask and answer only one question per item. 16. Use present tense, rather than conditional, future, or past tense: â€Å"You can soon file a claim if you were eligible during the stated period,† not â€Å"Those who were eligible during the stated period will be given an opportunity to file a claim.† 17. Based on your audience, determine which acronyms and initialisms are appropriate. Minimize jargon acronyms and initialisms; use descriptive words instead. When using common acronyms and initialisms, decide whether to spell them out on first reference with the abbreviation in parentheses or to define them, or whether to trust your audience to be familiar with them. Avoid using more than a few acronyms and/or initialisms in a given piece of content. 18. Omit unnecessary words: Watch for verbose phrases. For example, the presence of a preposition signals an opportunity for a more concise revision (or, in other words, prepositions signal a revision opportunity). Avoid redundant wording such as â€Å"basic fundamentals,† legal doublets such as â€Å"cease and desist,† and intensifiers such as actually. 19. Avoid cluttering content with definitions if possible, but if they’re necessary, locate them at or near the first reference to the term. If you must use a glossary, list terms alphabetically, and keep definitions succinct. Make sure that the definitions are consistent with the accepted meaning. 20. Use links wisely. If the title of a Web page is the destination, use the title as the link. The name of a website or an organization is best for directing people to that organization’s website. (Avoid generic link wording like â€Å"Click here† or More.) Links should be as short as possible while clearly indicating where they will lead; words or phrases are less obtrusive than entire sentences. Read this post about plain language, also known as plain English. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Writing Basics category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Good At, Good In, and Good WithCapitalization Rules for Names of Historical Periods and Movements20 Ways to Cry

over population in Pakistan Essays

over population in Pakistan Essays over population in Pakistan Essay over population in Pakistan Essay In human biology, the whole numbers of residents take up an area (such as a country or the world) and frequently being changed by increases (births and migrations) and losses (deaths and migrations). What is Over Population? The term Over Population or Population Explosion is used to express the idea of more population for fewer resources. Population Situation in Pakistan: According to the economic survey of Pakistan 2010-11, the total population of Pakistan is 177. 1 million against the 173. 5 million in last year. Population growth rate is 2. 1 % and in the list of most populous countries, Pakistan is at 6th number. CAUSES OF OVER POPULATION Following are the main causes of over population in Pakistan: ALLAH RAZIQ Muslims have a solid belief that God gives food to everyone even to an ant living in a stone. So, why they reduce the size of family? No or Less Opportunity Cost 71 % Women are not active in economic activities in Pakistan. Women have no any economic loss while having a childe. Opportunity cost for having a childe is very low r zero in Pakistan. Low Per Capita Income We know that per capita income derives by dividing national income on total population. Low per capita income shows population explosion. Per capita income in Pakistan $ 1254. Unemployment Unemployment is also a symbol of over population. It is difficult to adjust the huge High Population Growth Rate The birth rate is very high which shows that our country is over populated. Rapid growth rate of population is 2. 1 % in Pakistan. Need for More Earning Hands A single person cannot sport his large family in developing countries like Pakistan. He hinks to have more children to be more earning hands. Afghan Refugees An arrival of refugees from India and especially from Afghanistan is also resulting in more population. Low Death Rate Reduction in death rate is another cause of over population. Death rate in 1951 was 2. 8 % while it just 0. 73 % in 2010-11. Low Standard of Living It is observed that in Pakistan people with low income have more children. It is difficult to support such large size family. It results in low living standard of the population. Warm Climate Due to the warm climate, youth and maturity is attained at an early age. It also results in rapid population growth. Absence of Family Planning Effective family planning is not available in Pakistan. People are not familiar with the methods of family planning. They feel hesitation to consult a doctor. Joint Family System There is competition among the family member in accordance with the family size in joint family system. It is also a cause for rapid growth of children. Early Marriages duration for re-productivity is very lengthy. Illiteracy Due to lack of education, people are not aware of with the economic problems caused by high birth rate. Literacy rate is 57. % in Pakistan. Inefficient Population Dependency ratio is very high in our county. Only 32. 17 % population take part in economic activities and other 67. 83 % depends upon them. It views as a pressure on land and population expulsion. Polygamy Practice Polygamy is the condition or practice of having more than one wife at one time. The existence of polygamy also contributes to the increase in population. Urbanization Due to rural urban migration and lack of facilities in cities, there are many social problems. It results in increase in urban population. Higher rate of urbanization is an ndicator of over population. Low Saving Investment The rate of saving and investment of GDP are only 9. 5% and 13. 4% respectively in Pakistan. Rate of investment and employment is also very low due to low rate of savings. So these indicate that Pakistan is over populated. Poor Nutrition People in Pakistan get poor diet, which affects the health and working capacity. It reduces the per capita income, which is a sign of population explosion. Concept of Large Family Large family size is considered as a source of power to influence people and to control the persons around them. People feel pride to have a large family. Vicious Circle of Poverty Very high population growth rate reduces the per capita income, saving, investment and productivity. A country is thus caught up in vicious circle of poverty. Vicious circle Universality of Marriage All men and women of marriageable age enter into wedlock. As such the birth rate is higher in Pakistan. Absence of Other Activities There is absence of recreational facilities and employment opportunities in Pakistan. Time passing and any other enjoyments in Pakistan are very costly. So, people have a more time to spend with thetr wives. EFFECTS OF OVER POPULATION Low Per Capital Income The population growth reduces per capita income of the people because national income is divided by a big size of population. Per capital income of Pakistan is $ 1254 dunng 2010-11. Unemployment, Under-employment and Disguised-unemployment It is impossible to provide Jobs to such highly growing population in Pakistan. It results in unemployment, under-employment and disguised-unemployment. Rate of unemployment in Pakistan is 5. 6%. Low Growth of Agriculture Sector Very fast growth rate of population is a pressure on land. It caused to use of gricultural products at domestic level, increase in the landless workers and shortage of food. Growth rate of agriculture sector is 1. 2%. Low Saving and Low Investment The rapidly increasing population increases the expenditure of government. It reduces the saving and investment. Low level of saving investment means economic backwardness. Domestic savings are 9. 5% of GDP and total investment is 13. 4% of GDP dunng 2010-11. High Rate of Inflation There is more demand for goods due to more population. More demand results in more prices and inflation in the country. Rate of inflation is 14. % in Pakistan. Pollution with billion dollars of resources but do not install treatment plants of million rupees. The rapid growth of population creates pollution, unplanned colonies and environment problems. Backward Social Infrastructure Rapidly growing population creates economic and social problems such as housing, education, health, transport, water, power etc. Very high rate of population growth lowers the per capita income, which caused in low saving and low investment that result in low rate of capital formation. All this forms the vicious circle of poverty. Low Living Standard Rising population cannot be provided the basic facilities of life in developing countries like Pakistan. So, rising population means low living standard. About 21 % population is living below poverty line. Adverse Balance of Payment Over populated nation has to import various items to support a huge population. On the other hand their export decreases. Due to over population our balance of payment is unfavourable in case of Pakistan. At present value of deficit in balance of payment is $ 8. 3 billion. Reduction in Wage Rate High growth rate of population is caused in more labour force and unemployment. There is absence of skill and training that leads to low wage rate. 12. Increase in Dependence Ratio Rapid rise in population growth increases the dependency ratio of unemployed population to employed population. Labour force is 54. 92 million of the population in Pakistan and remaining population is depending upon them. MEASURES TO CONTROL OVER POPULATION Following measures are suggested by the people and experts to check the rapidly raising population: Control the Birth Rate Effective and successful family planning should be introduced. Use of Medicines More contraceptive medicines should be introduced to people. By using these medicines; people will control the birth rate. Late Marriages Marriages should take place in late age to control the rapidly rising population. It will be helpful to control the over population. Health Centers Government should open the health clinics in all the regions of the country. These clinics will be useful for reducing the high birth rate. High Literacy Rate Government should provide the more educational facilities to the backward population. This will provide the true picture of the economy, resources and opulation growth rate. Literacy rate is 57. 7% in Pakistan. Women Employment Only 29 % women take an active part in the economic activities in Pakistan. They live full time at home and have no opportunity cost to have a baby. Family Planning Government should introduce the family planning to the population to control the high growth rate of population. Increase in Employment More employment opportunities must be provided to the young, talented, trained and educated population. It will be helpful to decrease the fast birth rate. Provision of Credit Facilities Government should provide the easy credit facilities to population to adjust the existing population in economic activities. It will lead to reduce the population explosion. Growth and development of small-scale and cottage industries is also necessary to reduce the pressure on land. It will provide more Jobs to men and also to women. Conclusion: High growth rate of population creates unfavorable effects on the economic development in the developing countries like Pakistan. High rate of population growth in Pakistan means poverty, illiteracy, low living standard, absence of prosperity and vicious circle of poverty.

Word Choice Continuous vs. Continual - Proofeds Writing Tips

Word Choice Continuous vs. Continual - Proofeds Writing Tips Word Choice: Continuous vs. Continual Continuous and continual are sometimes used interchangeably, but these words are not actually synonyms. Confusion is understandable, though: both continuous and continual come from the verb continue, and both are adjectives related to duration. There is, however, a subtle difference in their usage. Read on to learn more. Continuous (Without Interruption) The word continuous is an adjective that describes something as ongoing and uninterrupted. It is usually used when referring to a duration of time: The continuous sound of our neighbor’s clog dancing drove us mad. Continuous can also describe an uninterrupted spatial span: The Maginot Line was a continuous stretch of concrete fortifications. Continuous is the more common of the two words were examining, so it is more likely you will need this in most situations. Continual (Repeatedly) The adjective continual means that something happens repeatedly at intervals, rather than as one long, uninterrupted event. It would be used in a sentence like this: Peter hated the continual storms that blighted his childhood on the plains. This sentence refers to storms that occurred frequently and repeatedly, but there wasn’t one continuous, ongoing storm that lasted the entire length of Peter’s childhood. Continuous or Continual? Knowing the difference between these adjectives means that you will be able to use them with confidence in your writing. The basic facts to remember are: Something which is continuous happens without interruption. Something which is continual recurs, but with breaks between occurrences. If you would like some more guidance and advice about academic writing, or would like to have your own work checked through for errors and formatting, get in touch with the professionals at Proofed today!

The Watergate Scandal Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Watergate Scandal - Research Paper Example The group of intruders along with the other accused administrative members was put on trial while President Nixon was forced to resign from his office in 1974. This entire series of events is called the â€Å"Watergate Scandal†. The Watergate Scandal â€Å"The Watergate Scandal† was a political scandal which occurred in America in the 1970s decade. It consisted of a series of unlawful events which was later attributed to certain important officials serving under the administration of the then US President Richard Nixon. They had wanted to secure some confidential information which would help them to secure the victory of Nixon in the US Presidential Elections of 1972. After the incident, members of the Nixon government tried to cover up the event and shield the men involved in the crime. Eventually, the US Police arrested the seven officials who had committed the burglary and implicated them on the basis of available evidence. Even, President Nixon was found guilty of a ttempting to shield the incident from being leaked out to the general people. Ultimately, Nixon had to resign from US Presidentship in the year 1974. The Watergate Scandal represented a series of unprecedented political events, which witnessed a US President resigning from his office for the first time in history. On June 16, 1972, seven American citizens planned a burglary in the office headquarters of the Democratic National Committee (DNC) of the USA. The office was situated in the Watergate complex of Washington D.C, in one of the six buildings located over there. On the night of the robbery, the seven men gathered in the Watergate Hotel, situated in the same complex, which gave them easy access to the nearby DNC office. The actual attempt to secure the confidential information was carried out by five men, while two of them stayed back at the hotel to warn the others of any imminent danger. The burglars had also stationed an eighth man in a building, just in front of the DNC off ice, who would also be able to detect any dangerous signals. He was supposed to inform the two men in the hotel who in turn would convey this to the group of five intruders. As the five men made their up to the DNC office on the sixth floor of the concerned building, they placed recording tapes across the doors opening to the stairway on every floor. This would prevent the door from locking, thus leaving a route for the burglars to escape in case of any trouble. However, one of the security guards of the building found out this anomaly and informed the police. The Police arrived immediately and arrested the five men from the DNC office. The policemen were in plain clothes, and so the burglars’ watchmen were not alerted in time to inform the intruders of the lurking danger. The actual identities of the seven men were revealed after their arrest and none of them were common thieves. The group was led by G. Gordin Liddy and E. Howard Hunt, both of whom were former agents of repu ted intelligence agencies of the US. Liddy was a retired agent of the FBI (Federal Bureau of Investigation, while Hunt had the experience of working with the CIA (Central Intelligence Agency). They were assisted by five other men in this burglary: James McCord bore the telephone bugs, Bernard Barker carried cameras to secure photographs of the confidential documents, Virgilio Gonzales was responsible for breaking the locks of

Speech Code Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Speech Code - Essay Example The speech code of University of Pennsylvania, for instance, is created with an aim to protect the wider student community on the campus. The code clearly places limitation on the speech and conduct when it comes to the rights of other students. No student is allowed to use threats, violence and hostility against the other. The university provides strict rules against such events and protects students from the discrimination and biases that prevail in the modern globalized world. The disciplining habits and codes of the university mentioned are aimed at preparing students for their future lives. The code of University of Pennyslvania can undergo a constitutional test and may be pronounced unconstitutional because it does not allow the students to freely speak (Lewin 2003). My current workplace has a speech code and it is adopted to avoid any kind of hate crimes occurring within the workplace. Before the speech code was implemented the workplace saw many fights happening between the w orkers. The workplace without a speech code can have several problems because of the minorities participating in the jobs. Blacks are the most targeted in the workplaces because of their lower ranks.

Global Business Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Global Business Strategy - Essay Example The paper will highlight some of the key elements in the company's global approach such as international markets choices and entry, market segmentation, as well how the company has carved its way up to the challenging markets in the global construction materials industry. Global Business strategy is a critical component of the holistic approach of organizations attempting to enter global markets successfully. Business organizations have to create approaches, which will cater to all organizational factors such as marketing, human resources management, operations management, risk management and other critical aspects of an organization if they have to put together possible global strategies, which will be sufficient in overcoming challenges of entering global markets. Although there is ongoing debate on multinational corporations strategy over the approaches like standardization versus adaptation there is confluence of ideas and the recognition that multinationals have to put together possible business strategies that will be enough for the unstable and different surroundings in which global businesses operate. There are various factors that apply significant pressure on global businesses to formulate working short term and long term strategies plans t o the accomplishment of their objectives and goals. Upon the underlying fact that human needs are basically the same across countries and communities, sticking differences obtain in aspects cultural, economic, geographic, political etc. This means that global business management organs must be at the top of the game in ensuring that policy and strategy are appropriately put together to reach desired results Corporate strategy focuses on wide and far reaching goals and purposes of an organization. The strategy focuses on the accomplishments of set goals in line with expectations of the stakeholders. Other global business organizations influence on Business Unit strategy, which is a concept that boils down to the aspects of products and services or products being rendered. The other critical strategy component is the aspect of operational strategy, which can also be used in global business strategy to reach desired results in as far meeting organization goals in concerned. The success of Lafarge in the global landscape must have tapped in the advantages of some of these strategic concepts. Through the exploration of the growth and strategic thrust of Lafarge some of theses concepts can be identified. The case of Lafarge note that, the global cement industry is gradually transforming into an oligopoly through the creation of mergers and acquisitions, which ends in capacity concentration, and the control of the global landscape by a few transnational players. However, the global structure of the industry is still unstable with no single player with two digit market share. The major players lack the capacity to

Will be privided on Friday July 1st after 6pm Essay - 1

Will be privided on Friday July 1st after 6pm - Essay Example Acting in such a manner shows how one puts his heart in his work and usually results in satisfactory jobs as others may not be able to demand for more when they see the seriousness of a responsible person. Of course, physical efforts are much needed to accomplish responsibilities because just thinking about things and planning one’s actions are not the same as doing them. One has to perform his duties to be considered responsible. In our world, whatever part of the world we live in, I think responsibility is present and comes in many forms but still are the same though different in some ways. This is so because of culture and beliefs. For instance, for some cultures, it is still widely accepted that mothers should stay at home and do the household chores, bear children and take care of them while the father is expected to do the more difficult tasks like farming or being the bread winner, going to the office and bringing home his paycheck to his wife. To them, women are expected to budget whatever amount the father brings home for all the needs of the whole family. For other cultures, women are now allowed to work alongside the men in offices, competing with them and even becoming bosses in a world that used to have been dominated by the stronger sex, as we have always known. However, the women’s responsibilities in such cultures in the house are not passed on to the men, though there are some cases of which, but that their working outside of the house is but an additional responsibility. If they are not able to perform their functions as housekeepers and babysitters, they then have to hire someone to do the task so that their primary responsibilities will not be forsaken. In another angle, there are other responsibilities we have to perform and that would be our social responsibilities. As they say, no man is an island. Indeed no man is and we can not survive without the help of the other no matter how much we hate having others help us. Men have been made

Econ 3077 management of financil institution Coursework - 1

Econ 3077 management of financil institution - Coursework Example Consequently, the effects are manifested in the poor performance of the Canadian dollar. The decline in the oil prices is expected to boost the global economic growth. It is projected that the rate will decrease to US $60 per barrel. In addition to the price decline in the energy sector, there is an increased foreign demand, business assurance and venture, as well as employment rates (Bank of Canada, 2015). However, the weak terms of trade will affect the country’s incomes and wealth by reducing the domestic demand growth. The Bank of Canada projects that the real GDP growth will slow by 1.5% followed by the widening of the output gap in the first half of 2015. The Banks monetary policy, the weaker Canadian dollar and the strong US economy will gradually mitigate the lower oil prices. As a result, the economy will strengthen leading to 2.1 and 2.4 growths in the real GDP in the year 2015 and 2016

Social Entrepreneurs Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Social Entrepreneurs - Research Paper Example This definition of social entrepreneurship is seen to model it along the lines of the functionalist perspective or theory. Social entrepreneurs are able to act as change makers in today’s society through their seizing of the opportunities that might have been missed by others, improving the existing systems in use, creating more sustainable solutions and inventing new approaches designed to encourage the society to change for the better (Roger and Osberg, 2007). The United States’ history is rife with numerous examples of social change movements. These movements included the Civil rights movement, the women’s movement, the students movement, the Lesbians, Gays, Bisexual and Transgender rights movement as well as the currently ongoing occupy Wall Street movement for social change. The civil rights movement has had a colorful history in the United States. Some of the highlights of this history include the 1775 publishing of African Slavery in America by Thomas Paine who was an abolitionist, the removal of Indians from their lands and their subsequent revolts, the fight for the rights of African Americans by Martin Luther and the recent fight for gay rights. And the women’s sufferance movement that sought to establish the right for women to be allowed to vote (Banmaszak, 2001). The functionalist perspective generally attempts to try and explain social institutions as being collective means which can be used in meeting both social and individual needs. In formulating the theory, Durkheim was primarily concerned with answering the question of just how societies are able to effectively maintain their internal stability and survive over time. The functionalist perspectives society as functioning in a similar manner to organisms and it is the responsibility of social institutions such as social entrepreneurship to work together so as to effective reproduce and maintain these organisms (Boundless, 2013). As a result of the various parts

Econ 3077 management of financil institution Coursework - 1

Econ 3077 management of financil institution - Coursework Example Consequently, the effects are manifested in the poor performance of the Canadian dollar. The decline in the oil prices is expected to boost the global economic growth. It is projected that the rate will decrease to US $60 per barrel. In addition to the price decline in the energy sector, there is an increased foreign demand, business assurance and venture, as well as employment rates (Bank of Canada, 2015). However, the weak terms of trade will affect the country’s incomes and wealth by reducing the domestic demand growth. The Bank of Canada projects that the real GDP growth will slow by 1.5% followed by the widening of the output gap in the first half of 2015. The Banks monetary policy, the weaker Canadian dollar and the strong US economy will gradually mitigate the lower oil prices. As a result, the economy will strengthen leading to 2.1 and 2.4 growths in the real GDP in the year 2015 and 2016

The Effects of IDD (Intervertebral Differential Dynamics) Theapy Dissertation

The Effects of IDD (Intervertebral Differential Dynamics) Theapy - Dissertation Example It covers about 200 hours of practical exposure to interesting clinical therapies, experiences that I could not get from my classroom. During the internship, I treated a patient for spinal injury using IDD. This paper is about the effects of Invertebrate Differential Dynamic (IDD) Therapy on Spinal injuries. 3 Literature Review Several studies have been carried out in the area of using non-clinical therapies to cure spinal cord injuries or chronic low back pain in medical and clinical practices. This effort is essential in reducing the amount of exposure patients have to clinical operations, and promote natural wellness even in the medical field. Low Back Pain and Spinal Injury Low back pain has become a prevalent condition that reportedly affects about 40% in the United States within a specified period of one month interval. This statistics points to seriousness of this situation as it prevents adult population from contributing enough at their respective workplaces (Deyo et al., 20 06). However, it is worrisome that most of the low back pain (LBP) suffered by people today have no apparent pathoanatomic cause; and this has increased the grave concern among practitioners as they scramble to find the best treatment for LBP. Although, the known cause of low back pain is the disorder of the lumbar intervertebral disks which often leads to irritation of the lumbar nerve roots. —a known symptom of spinal injury. Research findings have revealed that nerve root linkage is responsible for exactly 10% cases of low back pain with a projected prevalence range starting from 12% to 43% (Stafford et al., 2007). Understandably, the low back pain caused by involvement of nerve root (spinal injury) has been found to only responsible for a fraction of low back pain; other related factors include but are not restricted to severe symptoms, increased danger of becoming a chronic LBP and the absence of work or failure 4 to cater for the condition due to lack of sufficient fina ncial capability (Konstantinou and Dunn, 2008). Treating low back pain and spinal injury Previously, patients suffering from

Principles and Characteristics of Good Governance

Principles and Characteristics of Good Governance Introduction In general, good governance is perceived as a normative principle of administrative law, which obliges the State to perform its functions in a manner that promotes the values of efficiency, no corruptibility, and responsiveness to civil society. It is therefore a principle that is largely associated with statecraft. While the government is not obliged to substantively deliver any public goods, it must ensure that the processes for the identification and delivery of such goods are concrete in terms of i) being responsive to public demands; ii) being transparent in the allocation of resources and; iii) being equitable in the distribution of goods. The principle of good governance has also been espoused in the context of the internal operations of private sector organizations. In this way, corporate decision-making strategies integrate the principle of good governance and ensure that shareholder interests (i.e. public limited companies) and employees are taken into account. The legal meaning of the principle of good governance The concept of good governance as developed by the World Bank is essentially a touchstone upon which the prevailing administrative structure of a given country can be measured. Consequently, it provides ample evidence of the robustness of the structural suitability of donors as efficient vehicles of multilateral aid investment to developing countries. Good governance is therefore chiefly envisaged as a set of procedural tools to guarantee the efficacious improvement of the donor identified subject. Politically, however, the principle of good governance has not been very well received. For instance, governments may be reluctant to be held accountable to donor agencies, and they may sometimes display widespread hostility against such agencies (or other bodies) that is construed to be interfering in their (sovereign) domestic affairs. The real or imagined fears have stemmed mainly from the fact that the term good governance has largely been identified with liberalism and laissez-faire p olicies common in most developed countries. Further, the usage of the term good derives primarily from subjective interpretations especially in the context of large multicultural and diverse economies that characterize the developing world. The characteristics of good governance Good governance has 8 major characteristics. It is participatory, consensus oriented, accountable, transparent, responsive, effective and efficient, equitable and inclusive and follows the rule of law. It assures that corruption is minimized, the views of minorities are taken into account and that the voices of the most vulnerable in society are heard in decision-making. It is also responsive to the present and future needs of society. 1. Participation Participation by both men and women is a key cornerstone of good governance. Participation could be either direct or through legitimate intermediate institutions or representatives. It is important to point out that representative democracy does not necessarily mean that the concerns of the most vulnerable in society would be taken into consideration in decision making. Participation needs to be informed and organized. This means freedom of association and expression on the one hand and an organized civil society on the other hand. 2. Rule of law Good governance requires fair legal frameworks that are enforced impartially. It also requires full protection of human rights, particularly those of minorities. Impartial enforcement of laws requires an independent judiciary and an impartial and incorruptible police force. 3. Transparency Transparency means that decisions taken and their enforcement are done in a manner that follows rules and regulations. It also means that information is freely available and directly accessible to those who will be affected by such decisions and their enforcement. It also means that enough information is provided and that it is provided in easily understandable forms and media. 4. Responsiveness Good governance requires that institutions and processes try to serve all stakeholders within a reasonable timeframe. 5. Consensus oriented There are several actors and as many view points in a given society. Good governance requires mediation of the different interests in society to reach a broad consensus in society on what is in the best interest of the whole community and how this can be achieved. It also requires a broad and long-term perspective on what is needed for sustainable human development and how to achieve the goals of such development. This can only result from an understanding of the historical, cultural and social contexts of a given society or community. 6. Equity and inclusiveness A societys well being depends on ensuring that all its members feel that they have a stake in it and do not feel excluded from the mainstream of society. This requires all groups, but particularly the most vulnerable, have opportunities to improve or maintain their well being. 7. Effectiveness and efficiency Good governance means that processes and institutions produce results that meet the needs of society while making the best use of resources at their disposal. The concept of efficiency in the context of good governance also covers the sustainable use of natural resources and the protection of the environment. 8. Accountability Accountability is a key requirement of good governance. Not only governmental institutions but also the private sector and civil society organizations must be accountable to the public and to their institutional stakeholders. Who is accountable to whom varies depending on whether decisions or actions taken are internal or external to an organization or institution. In general an organization or an institution is accountable to those who will be affected by its decisions or actions. Accountability cannot be enforced without transparency and the rule of law. How to achieve good governance Good governance, to be effective and sustainable, must be anchored in a vigorous working democracy which respects the rule of law, a free press, energetic civil society organizations and effective and independent public bodies such as the Commission for Human Rights and Good Governance, Prevention of Corruption Bureau and the Fair Trade Commission. The Commission is important in ensuring the promotion and protection of human rights, but also in ensuring both transparency and accountability on the part of the government. Good governance requires transparency and efficiency also in different government agencies. At the political level democratic practices, including transparency in policy making and administration, are important aspects of good governance. This is signified by a pluralistic political system that allows the existence of diversity in political and ideological opinions. No wonder that good governance is said to be more easily achieved and guaranteed in a multi-party system than in a mono-party system. It also means the holding of regular elections applying the principle of universal franchise. In order to qualify as democratic, elections must be free and fair. Good governance deals with the nature and limits of state power. The doctrine of the separation of powers is therefore relevant in the establishment of whether or not a country has a political system that is responsive to good governance. The doctrine of the separation of powers is based on the acceptance that there are three main categories of government functions: legislative, executive, and judicial. Corresponding to these are the three main organs of government in a state the Legislature, the Executive and the Judiciary. The doctrine insists that these three powers and functions of government in a free democracy must be kept separate and exercised by separate organs of the state. Conclusion From the above discussion it should be clear that good governance is an ideal which is difficult to achieve in its totality. Very few countries and societies have come close to achieving good governance in its totality. However, to ensure sustainable human development, actions must be taken to work towards this ideal with the aim of making it a reality. References Macdonald, B. (1998), Good governance and Pacific island states, in Larmour, P. (Ed.), Governance and Reform in the South Pacific, National Centre for Development Studies Australian National University, Canberra, pp. 21-53. Woods, N. (1999) Good Governance in International Organizations, Global Governance 5, 39-61. Burnell, Peter. Good Government and Democratization: A Sideways Look at Aid and Political Conditionality, Democratization, vol.1, no.3, pp.485-503.

Free Essays On Shakespeares Sonnet Sonnet 107 :: Sonnet essays

Analysis of Sonnet 107 Not mine own fears, nor the prophetic soul Of the wide world dreaming on things to come Can yet the lease of my true love control, Suppos'd as forfeit to a condin'd doom. The mortal moon hath her eclipse endur'd, And the sad augurs mock their own presage; Incertainties now crown themselves assur's, nd peace proclaims olives of endless age. Now with the drops of this most balmy time My love looks fresh; and Death to me subscribes, Since spite of him I'll lime in this poor rhyme While he insults o'er dull and speechless tribes: And thou in this shalt find thy monument When tyrants' crests and tombs of brass are spent. This has been an important sonnet in trying to date the sonnets. Several words and phrases have prompted readers to ponder on the year it was written, ranging from 1588 to 1603. The main areas of concentration rely on the following: 1) the "eclipse" of the "mortal moon," in line 5; 2)who the "sad augurs" are and their "presage," in line 6; 3) allusion in lines 7 and 8, and if "confin'd doom" is in refernce to a certain event and which event that is. Of these, the most supported responses to 1 are: the Spanish Armada, 1588 (Butler, Hotson); the Queen's Grand Climacteric , 1595-6 (Harrison); the Queen's illness in 1599-1600 (Chambers); Essex's rebellion in 1601 (Tyler); the Queen's death in 1603 (eg. Massey, Minto, Lee, Beeching); a lunar eclipse, 1595 (O.F. Emerson); or an eclipse of the Queen's favour (Conrad). Answers to the second problem relate closely with the first, that is, with the addition of a fear of civil war as a result of Elizabeth's death and also the usual forecasts of political (and other) disasters that were forecasted from the eclipse. The third problem cites the confidence seen in lines 7 and 8,a dn therefore the overshoot of the proclaimed disasters. The fourth seems to refer to the imprisonment of some specific individual, eg. Southampton, who was released after James I accession to the throne. 1-4: 'Neither my own fears nor the foreshadowing of worldly disasters can control the extent of my only love, supposing [invented by fears] that it is a "confin'd doom." Lines 4 and 5 evoke a sense of death, saying that all will eventually die, and reading line 6 with stresses on "augurs" and "own" gives the sense that the prognosticators jeer their own predictions due to time being so joyous.

Carrie and Columbine: American Gothic :: essays research papers fc

Carrie, by Stephen King, and the Columbine High School Incident; looked at separately, they are to things that have nothing to do with each other. Carrie was Stephen King’s first major novel and a New York Times bestseller. Columbine was and incident in Colorado that happened in 1999, where two high school seniors orchestrated a bloody massacre at their high school. The two events occurred over twenty-five years apart, but when juxtaposed we can see many similarities between the book ant the incident, the fact that they are gothic in nature in particular. Gothic Literature is a literary style made popular during the end of the 18th century and the beginning of the 19th . This style usually portrayed fantastic tales dealing with horror, despair, the grotesque and other "dark" subjects. Gothic literature was named for the apparent influence of the dark gothic architecture of the period on the genre. Also, many of these Gothic tales took places in such "gothic" surroundings, sometimes a dark and stormy castle as shown in Mary Shelly's Frankenstein, or Bram Stoker's infamous Dracula. These stories were romances, due to their love of the imaginary over the logical. Gothic literature gave birth to many other forms, such as suspense, ghost stories, horror, mystery, and also detective stories. Gothic literature wasn't so different from other genres in form as it was in content and its focus on the "weird" aspects of life. This movement began to slowly open may people's eyes to the possible uses of the supern atural in literature. This brings us to the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Here we see the emergence of writers such as Edgar Allen Poe and Nathaniel Hawthorne. These writers used the gothic format in their writing but tweaked the traditional form to start a new style with an American twist, hence, â€Å"American Gothic†. These stories of darkness occur in a more everyday setting, such as the quaint house where the man goes mad from the "beating" of his guilt in Edgar Allan Poe's â€Å"The Tell-Tale Heart† and the quaint little village in Shirley Jackson‘s â€Å"The Lottery†. The stories often involved farms and farmers and besides having a surprise twist at the end, usually some form of mass murder or death, they also used dark humor had and underlying theme, such as religion and social order. As we move even further down the timeline, we come across â€Å"new-age† gothic writers.

Living in 1900 or 1750?

Between the years 1750 and 1900, there were many important changes to agriculture, transport and education. These were generally for the better yet perhaps didn't affect everyone to the same degree. Looking at each we will see if everyone's life was changed for the better. Looking firstly at transport, it can be seen that by 1900 transport had improved greatly, instead of everyone walking and riding bikes people could go on a steam boat or train. The railways were excellent as it meant that fresh food like fish could be delivered and people could go to the seaside whereas before people who didn't live near the sea couldn't get food such as fish as there was no way for fish to travel. Also people from the country could never go to the seaside or go out on day trips as the only transport that they had was themselves or bikes , but in 1900 they could go nearly anywhere on the steam train. Most people's lives were changed for the better but it wasn't cheap to ride the train so it didn't help poor people at all. Secondly, when we look at education in 1900, it has also improved. In 1750 very few children went to school and those children who did were from very rich families. Hardly any children could read or write except those who were rich enough to go to school, whereas in 1900 nearly everyone could read and write because school was compulsory for all five to twelve year old children, both boys and girls. By 1900 there were ten universities in England, five in Scotland, one in Wales and one in Ireland. Nearly everyone's lives changed for the better, as most people could read and write so they could get decent jobs. Thirdly, while we look at agriculture we can see that it has dramatically changed. Agriculture in 1750 was based on the British Empire. The cattle and livestock were from the places in the British Empire and so were all the crops. But in 1900 the British Empire had developed rapidly so there were many new and exotic crops for Britain to eat. It changed peoples live for the better as they had a more balanced diet with lots of new fruits and all other crops. Also working conditions changed a lot during these years. In 1750 there were very little industries which were known as cottage industries as they worked in small workshops next to there homes. Whereas in 1900 there were loads of huge factories instead of small workshops. In 1750 there was hardly any pollution if any but in 1900 the air was full of pollution because of the factories. The factories in 1900 were illuminated and had safe guards on most dangerous machines. I think in some aspects it had changed for the better but in others it hadn't. It had changed for the better because it was safer and the factories produced loads of goods but there were lots of pollution. Medicine in 1750 was appalling, nobody knew anything. There were know vaccinations or anything, but in 1900 anaesthetics and antiseptics were developed so now, most patients didn't die of shock. Also Louis Pasteur had discovered that germs cause disease, this led to vaccines being developed for diphtheria and other diseases. Also sewers were installed and the water supplies were a lot better, this cut back the amount of germs around. This changed everyone's lives for better as the vaccinations were available for all. I would rather live in 1900 as the way of life is a lot better. Louis Pasteur had discovered that germs caused disease which helped develop vaccinations. I would like to live in 1900 as school is compulsory so nearly everyone can read and write.

Sethu Sethunarayanan

1. Explain in detail what theories and concepts you learned in class are helpful to understand the case. The case discusses an entrepreneur named Sethu Sethunarayanan, who invented and marketed an innovative trap to help poor Irula people (an Indian tribe) catch rats more efficiently. He is the founder of the Center for Development of Disadvantaged People (CDDP) – one of a few recognized non-profit organizations in India. The case is an example how technological innovation and human capital can be used to improve the life for the poor.This rat-trap entrepreneurship was a social entrepreneurship because the inventor used the resources to cater to the needs of poor people. Prior to the innovation of the new trap, Irula villagers needed to use their mouths and their hands to catch the rats directly; their health was severely affected when touching the rats. After talking to a rat-catcher’s wife, Sethu realized that there was a problem and with the instinct of an entreprene ur, he knew that there would be an opportunity for him to solve the problem and improve the lives of Irula people.With the help of a mechanical engineer, Sethu developed a new trap to help people catch rats without contacting directly to the rats and the hot area of the trap. The values created from this innovation were a better health and a better income for rat-catchers. A concept test was implemented to fifteen rat catchers to see whether it worked. This was an important process to determine whether the entrepreneur needed to revise his innovation. After six iterations in eight months, the trap met most of the needs of the rat catchers. Sethu then applied for the grant from the World Bank to commercialize the innovation.It was a good choice of raising fund since social entrepreneurships usually do not attract numerous investors (because the aim is not for profit but for a better life of people). Sethu also planned various processes for the implementation of the project. Firstly, he identified the market which consisted of 1,500 neediest villagers and communicated the benefits of the new trap directly to this segment by visiting their villages. Secondly, Sethu created more values for customers by creating the women’s microcredit funds, which operated like loans and enabled women to afford a trap.These funds helped bring the traps to more villagers. Thirdly, he chose the right people to take care of the production. Since the young and unmarried women were selected to be the workers, the men and the boys were kept for catching the rats. Finally, he already thought of the exit strategy when the demand for the traps decreased. In such a situation, the factory would produce other steel products that were useful for Irula people. 2. What were crucial factors that determined success or failure? The success of the rat trap entrepreneurship was contributed by numerous factors.Firstly, it was due to the human capital: Irula people. Although Irula young women we re illiterate, they were able to produce the traps by themselves after being instructed. Selecting these women to operate the factory was a wise strategy because it made Irula people feel proud of their tribe. These workers might also persuade and instruct their relatives and neighbors to use the traps. As a result, the customer base for the business would be enlarged. Secondly, the technology innovation was also an important factor. It was the simplicity of the trap that made it usable for Irula people, 99% of whom were illiterate.Sethu and the mechanic engineer spent eight months inventing and testing the trap before it met all the needs of the rat catchers. If the trap was more complex, Irula people could not use it and the entrepreneurship would become a failure. Thirdly, the $98,500 grant from the World Bank served as the source for Sethu to implement his business plan. The plan included many costly processes such as health checks and treatments for the beneficiaries, building factory, training employees, and production. Without the fund of the World Bank laying the foundation, Sethu might not be able to start the business.Lastly, Sethu seemed to be the first one who addressed the problem in how Irula people catch rats, so he had the first-mover advantage. In addition, it was not likely that other social entrepreneurs would come and compete with Sethu in the near future. Hence, the Irulas did not have other choices but use Sethu’s new traps if they wanted to change the way to catch rats. 3. What characteristics of the entrepreneur enabled their success? Sethu had many characteristics of an ideal social entrepreneur. Among those characteristics, the thing distinguishing him from others may be his concern for the community.Being inspired by Mahatma Gandhi – the Father of the Nation, Sethu always thought of ways to bring a better life for the poor in India. This is probably the reason why he realized the problem of the old way of catching rats of the Irulas and did not stop thinking of a solution. In addition, Sethu obtained an appropriate education and experience in doing social entrepreneurship. Sethu studied in Gandhi’s school in India, where he was instructed to use Gandhi’s method to improve lives for the poor, solve human conflicts and introduce new ideas.After graduation, he worked for an NGO to accumulate experience before establishing his own NGO in 1998. His education and experience were the foundation for his innovativeness, which contributed to the invention of the rat trap. Finally, the most vital factor leading to the success of the entrepreneurship was Sethu’s risk-taking attitude. What would happen if the trap failed when applying to a large extend even though it was successful in the concept test; or if the Irula refused to use the trap anyway?In such a situation, Sethu would lose all the costs in health checking and treatment for the rat catchers, building the factory, training the e mployees and so on. More importantly, his prestige would be adversely affected since he was awarded the grant from the World Bank but failed to use it effectively. Despite all these risks, he still continued with the business because he believed in his idea and in the Irulas. 4. What were problems encountered by the entrepreneur and how did the entrepreneur deal with the problems? How did the entrepreneur overcome the problems?When implementing the project, Sethu did face some problems. Firstly, it was the resistance from the Irula people. They refused to meet Sethu and CDDP volunteers because they think Sethu and the volunteers were from some politic parties. Knowing that Irula people wanted to involve and did not like free things, Sethu triggered their interest by approaching them personally, explaining the serious health problems with the old trap and asking them whether they wanted to change their lives. The second problem was the selection of the workers for the factories.Becau se the men and the boys needed to catch rats while the wives and the old women were taking cooking roles in families, Sethu chose young, unmarried women to be the workers. He even transferred the ownership of the factory to these women so that they felt more motivated to control the production. The third problem was that Irula people were not be able to afford the trap at $25. CDDP solved this problem by launching the women’s microcredit collectives. In particular, a group of 12-15 women contributed money to form a fund.When a woman wanted to buy a trap but could only afford 50% payment, she received the trap and paid the rest to the microcredit fund. Such a fund made the traps become more affordable for the Irulas. Perhaps the most serious problem was that the business did not bring profit, at least in the recent future. The production cost per unit was $27 ($22 for raw materials and $5 for labor) but the selling price was only $25. To deal with this problem, Sethu used boot strapping as the financing method for the entrepreneurship when he tried to save unnecessary costs. For example, he asked the Irulas to return the trap if they did not use it.In addition, Sethu’s son successfully negotiated with the supplier to lower the material cost (from $28 to $25) and the cost savings was then reinvested in the factory. 5. Given the knowledge and skills you acquired in class, would you have done anything differently and if yes, what? There may be some alternatives to deal with the mentioned problems. Firstly, we can use the power of the influential group to persuade the Irulas to use the trap. By identifying some influential people, for example the tribal chief, in a village and convincing them to use the new trap, we can spread the benefits of the new trap to other villagers faster.It is because the Irula people still live with tribe culture, they will likely to follow what the tribal chief does. Secondly, instead of selling the traps to the Irulas peop le, we can employ them as our employees and pay them salaries. The salaries will have one fixed portion and one variable portion based on the number of rats a person can catch. We will receive money from the farm owners and distribute to the catchers. By employing the Irulas as our employees, we solve the problem that some Irula people wish to use but do not afford the new trap.What is more, when putting them in a company and considering them as our employees, we also help educate them and reduce their illiteracy. 6. What would be the next steps you would take to successfully proceed? To continue the success of the entrepreneurship, firstly, we must find ways to earn money because no business can maintain forever without profit. Initially, the selling price was at $25, which was $3 lower than the production cost. We can continue working with the supplier (the steel maker company, in this case it was Tata Steel) or even change to other suppliers to further reduce the cost.On the othe r hand, we could provide new complementary products/services to earn profits and help offset the losses in the rat-trap product line. Notice that the new trap helped catch rat 95% efficiency and helped doubled or even tripled their incomes, the Irula people would earn more money to spend for their living expenses. For instance, we could provide maintaining services for the traps and charge a certain level of money, depending on the current economic situation of the rat catchers. Or it might also sell hand sanitizers for the Irula people to wash their hands after using the trap.When the Irulas’ income increased, these complementary products were likely to be purchased widely because the Irula people cared more about their health. In addition, we can work with the owners of the farms to increase the payoffs for Irula people. The old method of catching rats is extremely inefficient, affects the plants on the fields and causes pollution. We will approach the farmers explain to th em the efficiency and the benefits of the new trap, and convince them to employ rat catchers who use the new traps. Lastly, a more efficient trap can be produced.The current new trap can only catch one rat at one time, which is very inefficient. We can apply new technology to catch many rats at one time. For example, rats are affected by certain electromagnetic waves. By putting some wave generators at the fields, the rats are hurt and will come out of their burrows. Then the Irulas might catch the rats more easily. Because the costs for such systems might be high, we will need to obtain a certain level of profits before trying the new technology. Furthermore, we can also seek funds from external sources.

A public policy research paper on contemporary issues

A contemporary issue is one which is distinctively modern in style, one which is current, ongoing, present or present-day in nature.A policy on the other hand according to the context of contemporary is a program of actions adopted by person, government, the set of principles which govern the program.In the modern times in the USA, when the issue of contemporary matter is talked about, the mind is automatically pointed toward the vices in the society, those actions or habits which are vexing and considered as socially unacceptable by civilized people. Reason, prudence and common sense will highlight these issues which are in fact very rampant and prevalent in the society today.When such a debate is instituted, that is â€Å"public policy on contemporary issues†, several matters must be concurrently held in the mind for an effective and efficient outcome to be obtained.Having answered by definition our key terms, the next question that we should ourselves is the symptoms that a contemporary issue exists  and whether it is anti-societal codes, what  its causes are, the diagnosis available  and the solutions that are les  costly but effective which can be implemented within a short time to tackle the problem.I want to take the issues of drug abuse, drug trafficking and manufacturing. Colombia is an infamous country well known for its cocoa. This plant which is used to produce cocaine has in fact led to a serious drug abuse problem in the society because both the young, the old even children seen to take it as the order of the day.Drugs are the roots of all evils committed in the society, they hamper upright reasoning and instead of the mind taking control of the body, in fact the body takes control. Drugs have many negative effects on users ranging from incurable minor diseases to permanent mental retardation. It is drugs according to the Federal Bureau of Investigation of the Unites States that contribute to major crimes in the USA. The following a re some of those contemporary issues propagated by drugs:Larceny theft Burglary Motor vehicle theft Robbery Forcible rape Murder Kidnappings Domestic violence Organized crimes School drop out ProstitutionE. G. White in her book Christian Health is very sentimental and dispassionate about how many people have indulged in drug abuse as if it is the normal order of things. She says;â€Å"Many Christians have taken the use of drugs as petty, they cannot however go through their daily chores without a dose of these drugs yet they don’t see the seriousness of their problem. They cannot think on their own, that substance has benumbed their senses and they are left as wrecks in this indulgence†.I am going to take this topic more from a Christian perspective since Colombia is Christian state with more than 96% of its population being Roman Catholics.In 1980, the amount of cocaine exported amounted to half the total export of Colombia. See how serious the problem is. The New Yor k Times in its column on the amazing truths reported this as a world wonder. How can an illegal substance such as this be exported to such a magnitude yet there is a government to curb it? The question was where was the government when all this happened?